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Sperm ATP levels measured with a luciferase bioluminescence assay. A) ATP levels were significantly lower in sperm from Pgk2−/− mice (n = 15) compared to sperm from WT mice (n = 15) throughout a 90-min incubation period in M16 medium. B) Immediately after isolation from the cauda epididymis, however, sperm from Pgk2−/− mice had mean ATP levels that were >2-fold higher than levels in sperm from Gapdhs−/− mice (n = 5). Mean ATP levels ± SEM are shown. ***P < 0.001; *P < 0.05.
