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. 2009 Dec 29;3:253–268. doi: 10.2147/dddt.s4505

Table 1.

Causes of hyponatremia

  1. Hyponatremia with normal plasma osmolality (pseudohyponatremia)

    1. Hyperlipidemia

    2. Hyperproteinemia

  2. Hyponatremia with increased plasma osmolality

    1. Hyperglycemia

    2. Mannitol use

    3. Radiographic contrast agents

  3. Hypo-osmolar (hypotonic) hyponatremia

    1. Euvolemic

      1. Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion

      2. Hypothyroidism

      3. Glucocorticoid deficiency

      4. Strenuous exercise

      5. Primary polydipsia

      6. Decreased solute intake

    2. Hypervolemic

      1. Heart failure

      2. Cirrhosis

      3. Nephrotic syndrome

      4. Pregnancy