Table 1.
Relationships between parental set bedtimes, covariates, depression, and suicidal ideation
| Depression | Suicidal Ideation | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes | No | Yes | No | |||
| n (%) | 1,050 (7%) | 14,609 (93%) | 2,038 (13%) | 13,621 (87%) | ||
| Mean | Mean | t-test (P-value) | Mean | Mean | t-test (P-value) | |
| Adolescent-reported average bedtime | 10:36 PM | 10:25 PM | 1.74 (P = 0.0834) | 10:34 PM | 10:25 PM | 2.31 (P = 0.0227) |
| Adolescent-reported average sleep duration | 7 h 23 min | 7 h 55 min | 7.97 (P <0.0001) | 7 h 36 min | 7 h 55 min | 7.77 (P <0.0001) |
| n (Row %) | n (Row %) | X2 (P-value) | n (Row %) | n (Row %) | X2 (P-value) | |
| Parental set bedtime on weekday nights | ||||||
| 10:00 PM or earlier | 495 (6%) | 7,976 (94%) | 20.14 (P = 0.0001) | 1,012 (12%) | 7,459 (88%) | 14.10 (P = 0.0012) |
| By 11:00 PM | 231 (7%) | 3,108 (93%) | 451 (14%) | 2,888 (86%) | ||
| By or after midnight | 324 (8%) | 3,525 (92%) | 575 (15%) | 3,274 (85%) | ||
| Adolescent-reported sleep duration | ||||||
| ≤ 5 h | 118 (18%) | 524 (82%) | 76.86 (P <0.0001) | 152 (24%) | 490 (76%) | 82.29 (P <0.0001) |
| 6 h | 170 (11%) | 1,412 (89%) | 302 (19%) | 1,279 (81%) | ||
| 7 h | 257 (8%) | 3,023 (92%) | 470 (14%) | 2,810 (86%) | ||
| 8 h | 289 (5%) | 5,628 (95%) | 654 (11%) | 5,263 (89%) | ||
| 9 h | 115 (4%) | 2,452 (96%) | 246 (10%) | 2,321 (90%) | ||
| ≥ 10 h | 100 (6%) | 1,570 (94%) | 213 (13%) | 1,457 (87%) | ||
| Self-perception of getting enough sleep | ||||||
| No | 570 (14%) | 3,437 (86%) | 142.86 (P <0.0001) | 804 (20%) | 3,203 (80%) | 89.60 (P <0.0001) |
| Yes | 480 (4%) | 11,172 (96%) | 1,234 (11%) | 10,418 (89%) | ||
| Adolescent-reported bedtime before parental set bedtime | ||||||
| No | 349 (7%) | 4,388 (93%) | 2.21 (P = 0.1398) | 675 (14%) | 4,062 (86%) | 6.41 (P = 0.0126) |
| Yes | 701 (6%) | 10,221 (94%) | 1,363 (12%) | 9,559 (88%) | ||
| Sex | ||||||
| Female | 596 (8%) | 7,063 (92%) | 14.59 (P = 0.0002) | 1,220 (16%) | 6,438 (84%) | 45.43 (P <0.0001) |
| Male | 454 (6%) | 7,546 (94%) | 818 (10%) | 7,183 (90%) | ||
| Age (y) | ||||||
| 11-13 | 29 (4%) | 622 (96%) | 35.38 (P <0.0001) | 64 (10%) | 587 (90%) | 10.70 (P = 0.0348) |
| 14-15 | 249 (5%) | 4,879 (95%) | 597 (12%) | 4,531 (88%) | ||
| 16-17 | 408 (8%) | 4,977 (92%) | 776 (14%) | 4,609 (86%) | ||
| 18-19 | 329 (8%) | 3,908 (92%) | 561 (13%) | 3,676 (87%) | ||
| 20-21 | 34 (13%) | 223 (89%) | 39 (15%) | 218 (85%) | ||
| Parents marital status | ||||||
| Single, never married | 84 (10%) | 752 (90%) | 27.93 (P <0.0001) | 104 (12%) | 732 (88%) | 1.33 (P = 0.8559) |
| Married | 653 (6%) | 10,609 (94%) | 1,437 (13%) | 9,826 (87%) | ||
| Widowed | 45 (10%) | 420 (90%) | 65 (14%) | 400 (86%) | ||
| Divorced | 187 (8%) | 2,168 (92%) | 331 (14%) | 2,024 (86%) | ||
| Separated | 81 (11%) | 659 (89%) | 101 (14%) | 639 (86%) | ||
| Family receives public assistance | ||||||
| No | 850 (6%) | 13,225 (94%) | 32.43 (P <0.0001) | 212 (13%) | 1,371 (87%) | 0.10 (P = 0.7528) |
| Yes | 200 (13%) | 1,384 (87%) | 1,826 (13%) | 12,250 (87%) | ||
| Race/Ethnicity | ||||||
| Caucasian | 604 (6%) | 9,942 (94%) | 32.54 (P <0.0001) | 1,415 (13%) | 9,131 (87%) | 7.67 (P = 0.0581) |
| African American | 208 (9%) | 2,082 (91%) | 256 (11%) | 2,034 (89%) | ||
| Hispanic | 45 (6%) | 716 (93%) | 85 (11%) | 676 (89%) | ||
| Other | 194 (9%) | 1,870 (91%) | 282 (14%) | 1,781 (86%) | ||
| Self-perception of how much parents care | ||||||
| 1 – Not at all | 15 (27%) | 39 (73%) | 91.48 (P <0.0001) | 15 (29%) | 39 (71%) | 118.63 (P <0.0001) |
| 2 – Very little | 28 (29%) | 68 (71%) | 38 (40%) | 57 (60%) | ||
| 3 – Somewhat | 103 (26%) | 298 (74%) | 153 (38%) | 247 (62%) | ||
| 4 – Quite a bit | 203 (12%) | 1,476 (88%) | 389 (23%) | 1,290 (77%) | ||
| 5 – Very much | 702 (5%) | 12,728 (95%) | 1,442 (11%) | 11,988 (89%) | ||
| Depression | ||||||
| Yes | 499 (47%) | 551 (53%) | 150.41 (P <0.0001) | |||
| No | 1,539 (11%) | 13,070 (89%) | ||||