Table II.

Classification and examples of protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors

PKC class	Example	Isozyme affected	Route of administration	Phase of development	Comments
Indocarbazole class	Enzastaurin	PKC β	Oral	Phase I–III
	Midostaurin (PKC-412)	PKC α, β, γ, δ, ε, η	Oral	Phase I–II
	UCN-01	Conventional > novel PKC isoforms	Intravenous	Phase I–II
Biological agents	Bryostatin	Conventional > novel	Oral	Phase I–II	Behaves as a short-term PKC activator and long-term inhibitor
	Curcumin	PKC isoforms	Intravenous	Phase I–III
Antisense oligonucleotides	Aprinocarsen (ISIS-3521)	Predominantly targets PKC α	Oral	Phase I–III
Others	Tamoxifen	PKC α, δ, ε	Oral	Phase II, currently on the market	Positive control studies in bipolar mania; also is an anti-estrogen