TABLE 1.

Indication Categories

Category 1: maternal medical conditions

Cardiac disease

Acute or chronic lung disease

Diabetes

Hemoglobinopathy

Chronic hypertension

Pregnancy-associated hypertension

Eclampsia

Seizures during labor

Renal disease

Category 2: obstetric complications

Hydramnios/oligohydramnios

Incompetent cervix

Rh sensitization

Uterine bleeding

Premature rupture of membranes (>12 h)

Abruptio placenta

Placenta previa

Other excessive bleeding

Cord prolapse

Fetal distress

Category 3: major congenital anomalies

Anencephalus

Spina bifida/meningomyelocele

Hydrocephalus

Microcephalus

Other central nervous system anomalies

Heart malformations

Other circulatory/respiratory anomalies

Rectal atresia/stenosis

Tracheo-esophageal fistula/esophageal fistula

Omphalocele/gastroschisis

Other gastrointestinal anomalies

Renal agenesis

Other urogenital anomalies

Diaphragmatic hernia

Other musculoskeletal/integumental anomalies

Down syndrome

Other chromosomal anomalies

Category 4: isolated spontaneous labor: vaginal delivery that was not induced and there were no associated medical or obstetric factors or major congenital anomalies.

Category 5: no recorded indication

Births without any of the indication categories noted above