Table 1.

Renal disorders amenable to early diagnosis or monitoring of clinical course by urinary biomarkers.

Renal disorders	Specific cause or diagnosis	Clinical application
Intrinsic	Glomerulonephritis	Diagnosis of primary disease
		Monitoring response to therapy
		- Immunomodulatory treatment for glomerulonephritis
		- Suppression of angiotensin II to lessen scarring and reduce proteinuria
	Acute renal injury in hospitalized patient	Drug toxicity - antibiotics, imaging agents, chemotherapy
		Hypoperfusion - hypotension, vasopressors, or cytokine-induced shunting
	Cystic renal diseases	Identify quickly progressing patients for early treatment that may retard growth of cysts
	Obstructive uropathy in childhood	Identify patients needing early surgical intervention
Transplantation	Acute rejection
	- T cell-mediated	Occurs in 10–15% of patients within 3 month of engraftment
	- Antibody-mediated (anti-HLA, donor-specific antibodies)	Common cause of progressive renal dysfunction
	Nephrotoxicity of immunosuppression (e.g., calcineurin inhibitor)	Frequently confused clinically with antibody-mediated rejection
	Recurrence of glomerulonephritis	Common cause of progressive renal dysfunction
	Screening prospective living donors	Likely to increase donor pool for patients with familial renal disease