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VEGF stimulation by RA + TPA requires new mRNA and protein synthesis. HESC were treated for 4 h with solvent control (Con) or RA (1 μm) + TPA (50 nm) in the absence or presence of 10 μg/ml actinomycin D (inhibitor of mRNA production) or 10 μg/ml cycloheximide (CHX, protein synthesis inhibitor). VEGF protein levels in the supernatant were assessed by ELISA. *, Significant difference from control-treated cells. ActD, Actinomycin D; Con, control.
