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Mean instantaneous Φleaf mass (PPFD per leaf mass per day; filled columns) and Φmass (PPFD per above-ground mass per day; open columns) of species. For an explanation of the abbreviations, see Fig. 2. Bars denote standard errors. Similar letters denote no significant differences between species at P<0·05. SLPs, LLPs and L denote short-lived pioneers, long-lived pioneers and lianas, respectively.
