SNc DA neuron stereology analyses. A, TH-immunoreactive neurons were estimated using design-based stereology (Gundersen et al., 1988; West et al., 1991). Normal numbers of TH-expressing neurons in the SNc of Parkin-Q311X(A) mice at 3 months of age [n = 4 per genotype; TH, tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neuron numbers in the SNc; total number of neurons in SNc was estimated by counting of both TH(+) and Nissl(+)/TH(−) neurons in the SNc; p > 0.05 compared with wild-type littermates, independent sample Student's t test]. B, Significant loss of TH-immunoreactive neurons in the SNc of Parkin-Q311X(A) mice at 16 months of age (n = 4 per genotype; *p < 0.05 compared with wild-type littermates, independent sample Student's t test). C, Normal numbers of TH-immunoreactive neurons in the SNc of TH-GFP mice at 16 months of age [Parkin-Q311X(A), n = 6; WT, n = 6; TH-GFP, n = 3; **p < 0.01 compared with Parkin-Q311X(A) mice; ##p < 0.01 compared with Parkin-Q311X(A) mice, independent sample Student's t test]. Error bars indicate SEM.