Table 2.
Summary of Injury Mechanisms from Secondary bTBI
| Reference | In-vitro injury | RM | IM | IC | O | Summary |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Regan and Choi, 1994 | Stylus | X | X | Injury mediated by excessive NMDAR activation and dihydropyridine-sensitive mechanisms | ||
| Regan and Panter, 1995 | Stylus | X | X | Injury was reduced with MK801 and free radical scavengers | ||
| Mukhin et al., 1997a, 1998 | Stylus | X | Glutamate receptor antagonists were neuroprotective | |||
| Mukhin et al., 1997b; Mukhin et al., 1996 | Stylus | X | Activation of mGluR1 exacerbates injury | |||
| Faden et al., 1997 | Punch laceration (stylus) | X | Group III mGluR agonists are neuroprotective | |||
| Wang et al., 2005 | Injured tissue from humans/rodents | X | Performed proteomics on injured tissue to determine biomarkers of injury | |||
| Lucas et al., 1985; Emery et al., 1987; Kirkpatrick et al., 1985 | Laser transection | X | Damage to cytoskeleton, neurofilaments microtubules, organelles (especially mitochondria) | |||
| Lucas et al., 1991 | Laser transection | X | At low [Ca2+], Na+ mediates injury | |||
| Rosenberg et al., 1996a | Laser transection | X | MPSS helps stabilized damaged membranes | |||
| Rosenberg et al., 1996b; Rosenberg et al., 2001 | Laser transection | X | Na+ and Cl– ions may mediate injury | |||
| Balentine et al., 1988 | Weight drop | X | In vitro injury is similar to in vivo spinal cord trauma | |||
| Epstein, 1971 | Spinner bottle | X | Determined viability and oxidative metabolism of rat cortices after stir-bar-induced trauma |
RM, receptor mediated; IM, ion mediated; IC, intracellular signaling; O, other.