Table 3.

Summary of Injury Mechanisms from Primary bTBI

Reference	In-vitro injury	RM	IM	IC	O	Major findings
Murphy and Horrocks, 1993	Hydrostatic pressures				X	Pressure induces cellular membrane damage
Salvador-Silva et al., 2004	Hydrostatic pressures				X	Pressure induces changes in human  optic nerve head astrocyte migration
Hariri et al., 1994	Fluid percussion				X	Production of IL-6
Wallis et al., 1995;  Wallis et al., 1996;  Girard et al., 1996;  Panizzon et al., 1996;  Panizzon et al., 1998	Fluid percussion	X		X	X	Potential treatments: Bcl-2 activation;  inhibition of leukotrienes, nitric oxide,  ADP-ribosylation, NMDAR; felbamate;  metalloporphyrins
Nishimura et al., 2006b	Laser pulse					Produced three forms of vascular insult:  rupture, extravasation, blockage
Howard and Sturtevant 1997	Lithotripsy				X	Cellular membranes fail in fatigue by shear

RM, receptor mediated; IM, ion mediated; IC, intracellular signaling; O, other.