Table 1.
Species | Tribe* | Flower visitors† | Nf (Ni) | Ns | Conc. [%w/w] ± s.d. | % Fructose ± s.d. | % Glucose ± s.d. | % Sucrose ±s.d. | S/(F + G) ± s.d. | Nectar production 24 h covered ± s.d. (μL) (n) | Standing crop 1800–0600 h ± s.d. (μL) (n) | Standing crop 0600–1800 h ± s.d. (μL) (n) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Myiophily | ||||||||||||
Arcytophyllum filiforme (Ruiz & Pav.) Standl. | R2 | Dip | 3 (1) | 1 | 32·0 | 30·8 | 36·3 | 33·0 | 0·5 | 0·3 ± 0·2 (3) | – | 0·1 ± 0·03 (7) |
Dioicodendron dioicum (K. Schum. & K. Krause) Taylor | R8 | Dip | 13 (2) | 1 | 31·0 | 20·0 | 34·1 | 46·0 | 0·9 | No data | – | 0·3 ± 0·1 (13) |
Gentianella sp. 1 | G1 | Dip | 15 (15) | 1 | 59·0 | 45·8 | 54·2 | 0·0 | 0·0 | 0·7 ± 0·5 (6) | – | 0·1 ± 0·1 (15) |
Halenia sp. 1 | G1 | Dip | 12 (10) | 2 | 26·8 ± 14·5 | 44·1 ± 9·7 | 42·8 ± 8·9 | 13·1 ± 18·5 | 0·2 | 1·1 ± 0·4 (10) | – | 0·1 ± 0·1 (12) |
Psychotria aubletiana Steyerm. | R1 | Dip | 3 (1) | 1 | 13·0 | 25·5 | 28·6 | 45·9 | 0·8 | No data | – | 0·5 ± 0·1 (3) |
Psychotria sp. 1 | R1 | Dip | 16 (6) | 2 | 25·0 ± 8·5 | 16·2 ± 13·8 | 10·5 ± 8·1 | 73·3 ± 21·9 | 4·7 ± 4·6 | 0·7 ± 0·4 (9) | – | 0·2 ± 0·2 (14) |
Melittophily | ||||||||||||
Faramea uniflora Dwyer & M. V. Hayden | R3 | Hym, Dip | 9 (6) | 2 | 2·3 ± 2·5 | 0 | 0 | 100 | Not defined | 0·2 ± 0·2 (7) | – | 0·2 ± 0·2 (11) |
Psychotria acuminata Benth. | R1 | Hym, Dip | 34 (6) | 1 | 9·0 | 16·2 | 17·3 | 66·5 | 2·0 | 1·9 ± 0·8 (18) | – | 0·8 ± 0·4 (19) |
Psychotria tinctoria Ruiz & Pav. | R1 | Hym | 6 (4) | 2 | 49·5 ± 3·5 | 18·3 ± 2·5 | 21·3 ± 3·0 | 60·4 ± 5·4 | 1·5 ± 0·3 | 4·9 ± 3·4 (6) | – | 0·8 ± 0·7 (6) |
Palicourea sp. nov. ined. C.M. Taylor | R1 | Hym | 78 (8) | 3 | 24 ± 5·6 | 16·6 ± 1·4 | 16·5 ± 1·3 | 66·9 ± 2·5 | 2·0 ± 0·2 | 5·8 ± 2·3 (78) | – | 0·1 ± 0·3 (25) |
Coccocypselum condalia Pers. | R7 | Hym | 27 (8) | 2 | 13·7 ± 11·7 | 5·7 ± 5·2 | 6·8 ± 6·0 | 87·5 ± 11·2 | 4·5 ± 1·2 | 0·8 ± 0·4 (15) | – | 0·3 ± 0·2 (27) |
Manettia sp. 2 | R2 | Hym | 23 (3) | 1 | 22·0 | 9·0 | 8·4 | 82·6 | 4·7 | 3·1 ± 1·4 (23) | – | 0·8 ± 1·2 (23) |
Rudgea ciliata (Ruiz & Pav.) Spreng | R1 | Hym | 25 (4) | 2 | 40·8 ± 14·5 | 12·7 ± 4·8 | 13·3 ± 7·6 | 73·9 ± 12·4 | 3·3 ± 2·0 | 2·1 ± 0·9 (11) | – | 0·6 ± 0·5 (22) |
Stilpnophyllum oellgaardii L. Andersson | R4 | Hym | 45 (7) | 6 | 27·4 ± 4·5 | 4·9 ± 1·4 | 15·8 ± 1·2 | 79·2 ± 2·5 | 3·9 ± 0·6 | 3·9 ± 2·2 (62) | – | 1·2 ± 0·9 (20) |
Arcytophyllum macbridei Standl. | R2 | Hym | 27 (6) | 3 | 20·8 ± 11·6 | 30·9 ± 14·7 | 30·9 ± 19·7 | 38·1 ± 34·2 | 0·6 ± 1·0 | 0·5 ± 0·2 (12) | – | 0·3 ± 0·3 (35) |
Arcytophyllum capitatum (Benth.) K. Schum. | R2 | Hym, Col | 40 (14) | 5 | 38·3 ± 12·9 | 38·8 ± 3·3 | 44·0 ± 7·0 | 17·2 ± 10·2 | 0·2 ± 0·1 | 1·0 ± 0·5 (24) | – | 0·2 ± 0·1 (40) |
Arcytophyllum ciliolatum Standl. | R2 | Hym, Col | 45 (12) | 6 | 41·5 ± 20·8 | 31·8 ± 5·9 | 32·0 ± 5·7 | 36·1 ± 11·5 | 0·6 ± 0·3 | 1·4 ± 0·8 (13) | – | 0·6 ± 0·7 (31) |
Arcytophyllum thymifolium (Ruiz & Pav.) Standl. | R2 | Hym, Col | 8 (4) | 2 | 22 ± 21·2 | 44·8 ± 0·4 | 42·8 ± 1·5 | 12·4 ± 1·9 | 0·1 ± 0·02 | 0·4 ± 0·2 (7) | – | 0·3 ± 0·2 (8) |
Arcytophyllum vernicosum Standl. | R2 | Hym, Col, Dip | 12 (3) | 2 | 22 ± 2·8 | 22·5 ± 2·1 | 24·0 ± 0·2 | 53·5 ± 2·2 | 1·2 ± 0·1 | 0·4 ± 0·4 (13) | – | 0·4 ± 0·2 (12) |
Notopleura vargasiana sp. nov. ined. C.M. Taylor | R1 | Hym, Lep, Dip | 21 (7) | 3 | 26·5 ± 25·3 | 6·4 ± 4·3 | 5·6 ± 3·8 | 88·0 ± 8·0 | 13·6 ± 14·5 | 0·8 ± 0·3(10) | – | 0·3 ± 0·3 (21) |
Faramea cf. glandulosa Poepp. & Endl. | R3 | Hym, Lep | 8 (4) | 2 | 41·5 ± 9·2 | 14·3 ± 9·8 | 13·6 ± 9·7 | 72·1 ± 19·5 | 3·8 ± 3·3 | 1·6 ± 0·8 (12) | – | 0·4 ± 0·2 (12) |
Psychotria reticulata Ruiz & Pav. | R1 | Hym, Lep | 19 (5) | 3 | 25·3 ± 14·0 | 12·7 ± 0·5 | 16·4 ± 2·6 | 70·9 ± 2·1 | 2·4 ± 0·3 | 1·0 ± 0·5 (27) | – | 0·3 ± 0·2 (12) |
Faramea coerulescens K. Schum. & K. Krause | R3 | Hym, Lep, T3 | 8 (3) | 1 | 14·5 | 23·2 | 17·1 | 59·8 | 1·5 | 4·7 ± 2·6 (8) | – | 0·9 ± 0·7 (10) |
Ornithophily | ||||||||||||
Palicourea angustifolia Kunth | R1 | T, Hym, Lep | 24 (6) | 8 | 19·8 ± 5·9 | 14·4 ± 2·2 | 12·4 ± 2·7 | 73·2 ± 4·7 | 2·8 ± 0·7 | 7·7 ± 2·6 (24) | – | 2·2 ± 1·7 (53) |
Palicourea calycina Benth. | R1 | T, Hym, Lep | 44 (12) | 9 | 24·9 ± 10·5 | 18·3 ± 5·9 | 16·0 ± 7 5 | 65·8 ± 13·2 | 2·2 ± 0·8 | 16·1 ± 5·1 (44) | – | 1·1 ± 1·0 (49) |
Palicourea canarina C.M. Taylor | R1 | T, Hym, Lep | 106 (14) | 3 | 14·0 ± 2·0 | 29·3 ± 3·7 | 15·1 ± 3·8 | 55·6 ± 6·3 | 1·3 ± 0·3 | 14·4 ± 9·6 (106) | – | 5·6 ± 7·0 (62) |
Palicourea heterochroma K. Schum. & K. Krause | R1 | T, Hym, Lep | 21 (6) | 13 | 15·3 ± 4·9 | 18·2 ± 5·4 | 14·4 ± 5·3 | 67·4 ± 10·6 | 2·3 ± 0·9 | 43·1 ± 16·3 (21) | – | 4·0 ± 4·8 (29) |
Palicourea luteonivea C.M. Taylor | R1 | T, Hym, Lep | 26 (8) | 16 | 15·9 ± 4·0 | 14·8 ± 4·0 | 10·8 ± 8·6 | 74·4 ± 12·5 | 3·3 ± 0·8 | 15·9 ± 7·1 (26) | – | 2·8 ± 3·4 (92) |
Palicourea subtomentosa (Ruiz & Pav.) DC | R1 | T2, Hym, Lep | 15 (4) | 2 | 17·0 ± 5·7 | 14·2 ± 3·8 | 12·2 ± 4·8 | 73·6 ± 8·6 | 3·0 ± 1·3 | 1·6 ± 0·6 (15) | – | 0·6 ± 0·5 (15) |
Palicourea c.f. weberbaueri K. Krause | R1 | T, Hym, Lep | 33 (10) | 23 | 21·8 ± 8·4 | 20·4 ± 7·5 | 20·8 ± 11·2 | 58·9 ± 18·0 | 1·7 ± 0·8 | 7·5 ± 3·8 (45) | – | 1·6 ± 2·9 (92) |
Palicourea lobbii Standl. | R1 | T, Hym | 13 (5) | 3 | 17·7 ± 2·1 | 11·8 ± 0·8 | 7·7 ± 0·7 | 80·5 ± 0·8 | 4·1 ± 0·2 | 10·6 ± 3·7 (15) | – | 3·6 ± 4·0 (15) |
Palicourea lyristipula Wernham | R1 | T, Hym | 49 (10) | 14 | 26·1 ± 11·7 | 18·0 ± 6·6 | 17·6 ± 8·3 | 64·3 ± 14·7 | 2·1 ± 1·0 | 4·8 ± 2·0 (57) | – | 0·8 ± 1·3 (154) |
Palicourea thyrsiflora SW | R1 | T, Hym | 35 (6) | 13 | 10·6 ± 2·6 | 22·8 ± 6·7 | 17·7 ± 5·8 | 59·5 ± 12·3 | 2·1 ± 2·6 | 30·6 ± 15·7 (35) | – | 2·8 ± 2·9 (51) |
Manettia sp. 1 | R2 | T | 12 (4) | 4 | 8·3 ± 2·4 | 15·9 ± 6·5 | 7·3 ± 4·9 | 76·8 ± 11·3 | 4·1 ± 2·5 | 51·9 ± 7·1 (12) | – | 1·7 ± 2·4 (38) |
Symbolanthus calygonus (Ruiz & Pav.) Griseb. ex Gilg | G2 | T | 10 (5) | 1 | 15·5 | 20·1 | 8 | 71·9 | 2·6 | 48·9 ± 16·5 (10) | – | 6·8 ± 5·7 (15) |
Palicourea sp. 1 | R1 | – | 11 (1) | 1 | 14 | 17·8 | 17·6 | 64·6 | 1·8 | 14·5 ± 4·5 (11) | – | 0·5 ± 0·7 (11) |
Psycho-Sphingo-Phalaenophily | ||||||||||||
Arachnothryx lojensis Steyerm. | R6 | Lep | 17 (5) | 11 | 15·5 ± 4·8 | 7·6 ± 3·6 | 3·0 ± 5·3 | 89·4 ± 8·3 | 10·3 ± 4·6 | 1·8 ± 0·9 (17) | – | 0·6 ± 1·1 (248) |
Ladenbergia sp. 1 | R4 | Noc, Sph, T | 3 (2) | 1 | 22 | 12·2 | 6·4 | 81·4 | 4·4 | 45·2 ± 9·7 (3) | 41·3 ± 15·3 (3) | 1·1 ± 1·0 (5) |
Palicourea andrei Standl. | R1 | Noc, Sph, T | 5 (2) | 1 | 17 | 16 | 20·2 | 63·7 | 1·8 | 14·7 ± 3·1 (5) | 13·3 ± 3·3 (11) | 1·5 ± 1·0 (4) |
Isertia laevis (Triana) B. M. Boom | R9 | Noc, Sph, T, Hym | 28 (6) | 18 | 17·9 ± 6·8 | 33·6 ± 9·0 | 31·3 ± 7·1 | 35·1 ± 12·2 | 0·7 ± 0·9 | 39·3 ± 19·6 (28) | 18·5 ± 14·3 (163) | 4·7 ± 7·2 (119) |
Ladenbergia sp. 2 | R4 | Noc, Sph, Hym | 10 (1) | 1 | 9·5 | 14·5 | 17·6 | 67·9 | 2·1 | 5·4 ± 1·7 (10) | 6·4 ± 1·9 (15) | 0·2 ± 0·3 (15) |
Hillia parasitica Jacquin | R5 | Sph, Hym | 4 (2) | 1 | 16 | 2·5 | 3·6 | 93·9 | 15·5 | 41·0 ± 9·9 (3) | 32 ± 11·9 (6) | 24·3 (1) |
Hillia wurdackii Steyerm. | R5 | Sph, | 3 (2) | 1 | 19·5 | 6·5 | 2·5 | 91 | 10·1 | 38·3 ± 15·2 (4) | 36·7 ± 13·1 (7) | 29·5 (1) |
Chiropterophily | ||||||||||||
Macrocarpaea arborescens Gilg | G2 | G1, T, Hym | 7 (4) | 1 | 23 | 43·5 | 29·6 | 26·9 | 0·4 | 67·9 ± 15·8 (7) | 51·7 ± 18·7 (15) | 1·6 ± 1·7 (14) |
Macrocarpaea harlingii J. S. Pringle | G2 | G1, T, Hym, Noc | 13 (6) | 1 | 11 | 36·3 | 35·3 | 28·4 | 0·4 | 73·1 ± 27·8 (13) | 60·6 ± 27·7 (18) | 2·5 ± 2·5 (19) |
Macrocarpaea noctiluca J. R. Grant & Struwe | G2 | G1, T, Hym, Spi, Noc, Lep, Dip | 12 (6) | 1 | 10·5 | 33.9 | 25·8 | 40·3 | 0·7 | 98·8 ± 28·3 (12) | 58·7 ± 33·8 (32) | 4·4 ± 12·6 (26) |
Symbolanthus sp. nov. ined. | G2 | G1, T, Hym, Spi, Noc | 12 (5) | 1 | 12 | 34·9 | 19·2 | 45·9 | 0·8 | 102·9 ± 42·1 (15) | 83·9 ± 28·0 (12) | 9·5 ± 6·2 (15) |
Flower visitors were observed by the author with the exception of those observed by 1 Matt (2001), 2 Dziedzioch (2001) and 3 A. Paulsch (pers. comm.).
= mean; s.d. = standard deviation; n = number of flowers sampled for nectar volumes.
G, Gentianaceae; R, Rubiaceae. Tribal affiation is designated by the following numerals: G1, Gentianeae; G2, Helieae; R1, Psychotrieae; R2, Hedyotideae; R3, Coussareae; R4, Cinchoneae; R5, Hillieae; R6, Rondeletieae; R7, Coccocypseleae; R8, Condamineeae; R9, Isertieae.
G, Glossophagidae; T, Trochilidae; Hym, Hymenoptera (mainly Apidae); Lep, Lepidoptera except Sphingidae, Noctuideae, Geometridae; Sph, Sphingidae; Noc, Noctuidae and Geometridae; Dip, Diptera; Col, Coleoptera.