Table 1.
Tribe, flower visitors of each species investigated, sample size Nf flowers, Ni individuals, Ns pooled nectar samples analysed, nectar sugar concentration and composition, daily nectar production of covered flowers and nectar standing crop grouped according to their pollination syndrome
| Species | Tribe* | Flower visitors† | Nf (Ni) | Ns | Conc. [%w/w]  ± s.d. |
% Fructose  ± s.d. |
% Glucose  ± s.d. |
% Sucrose  ±s.d. |
S/(F + G)  ± s.d. |
Nectar production 24 h covered  ± s.d. (μL) (n) |
Standing crop 1800–0600 h  ± s.d. (μL) (n) |
Standing crop 0600–1800 h  ± s.d. (μL) (n) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Myiophily | ||||||||||||
| Arcytophyllum filiforme (Ruiz & Pav.) Standl. | R2 | Dip | 3 (1) | 1 | 32·0 | 30·8 | 36·3 | 33·0 | 0·5 | 0·3 ± 0·2 (3) | – | 0·1 ± 0·03 (7) |
| Dioicodendron dioicum (K. Schum. & K. Krause) Taylor | R8 | Dip | 13 (2) | 1 | 31·0 | 20·0 | 34·1 | 46·0 | 0·9 | No data | – | 0·3 ± 0·1 (13) |
| Gentianella sp. 1 | G1 | Dip | 15 (15) | 1 | 59·0 | 45·8 | 54·2 | 0·0 | 0·0 | 0·7 ± 0·5 (6) | – | 0·1 ± 0·1 (15) |
| Halenia sp. 1 | G1 | Dip | 12 (10) | 2 | 26·8 ± 14·5 | 44·1 ± 9·7 | 42·8 ± 8·9 | 13·1 ± 18·5 | 0·2 | 1·1 ± 0·4 (10) | – | 0·1 ± 0·1 (12) |
| Psychotria aubletiana Steyerm. | R1 | Dip | 3 (1) | 1 | 13·0 | 25·5 | 28·6 | 45·9 | 0·8 | No data | – | 0·5 ± 0·1 (3) |
| Psychotria sp. 1 | R1 | Dip | 16 (6) | 2 | 25·0 ± 8·5 | 16·2 ± 13·8 | 10·5 ± 8·1 | 73·3 ± 21·9 | 4·7 ± 4·6 | 0·7 ± 0·4 (9) | – | 0·2 ± 0·2 (14) |
| Melittophily | ||||||||||||
| Faramea uniflora Dwyer & M. V. Hayden | R3 | Hym, Dip | 9 (6) | 2 | 2·3 ± 2·5 | 0 | 0 | 100 | Not defined | 0·2 ± 0·2 (7) | – | 0·2 ± 0·2 (11) |
| Psychotria acuminata Benth. | R1 | Hym, Dip | 34 (6) | 1 | 9·0 | 16·2 | 17·3 | 66·5 | 2·0 | 1·9 ± 0·8 (18) | – | 0·8 ± 0·4 (19) |
| Psychotria tinctoria Ruiz & Pav. | R1 | Hym | 6 (4) | 2 | 49·5 ± 3·5 | 18·3 ± 2·5 | 21·3 ± 3·0 | 60·4 ± 5·4 | 1·5 ± 0·3 | 4·9 ± 3·4 (6) | – | 0·8 ± 0·7 (6) |
| Palicourea sp. nov. ined. C.M. Taylor | R1 | Hym | 78 (8) | 3 | 24 ± 5·6 | 16·6 ± 1·4 | 16·5 ± 1·3 | 66·9 ± 2·5 | 2·0 ± 0·2 | 5·8 ± 2·3 (78) | – | 0·1 ± 0·3 (25) |
| Coccocypselum condalia Pers. | R7 | Hym | 27 (8) | 2 | 13·7 ± 11·7 | 5·7 ± 5·2 | 6·8 ± 6·0 | 87·5 ± 11·2 | 4·5 ± 1·2 | 0·8 ± 0·4 (15) | – | 0·3 ± 0·2 (27) |
| Manettia sp. 2 | R2 | Hym | 23 (3) | 1 | 22·0 | 9·0 | 8·4 | 82·6 | 4·7 | 3·1 ± 1·4 (23) | – | 0·8 ± 1·2 (23) |
| Rudgea ciliata (Ruiz & Pav.) Spreng | R1 | Hym | 25 (4) | 2 | 40·8 ± 14·5 | 12·7 ± 4·8 | 13·3 ± 7·6 | 73·9 ± 12·4 | 3·3 ± 2·0 | 2·1 ± 0·9 (11) | – | 0·6 ± 0·5 (22) |
| Stilpnophyllum oellgaardii L. Andersson | R4 | Hym | 45 (7) | 6 | 27·4 ± 4·5 | 4·9 ± 1·4 | 15·8 ± 1·2 | 79·2 ± 2·5 | 3·9 ± 0·6 | 3·9 ± 2·2 (62) | – | 1·2 ± 0·9 (20) |
| Arcytophyllum macbridei Standl. | R2 | Hym | 27 (6) | 3 | 20·8 ± 11·6 | 30·9 ± 14·7 | 30·9 ± 19·7 | 38·1 ± 34·2 | 0·6 ± 1·0 | 0·5 ± 0·2 (12) | – | 0·3 ± 0·3 (35) |
| Arcytophyllum capitatum (Benth.) K. Schum. | R2 | Hym, Col | 40 (14) | 5 | 38·3 ± 12·9 | 38·8 ± 3·3 | 44·0 ± 7·0 | 17·2 ± 10·2 | 0·2 ± 0·1 | 1·0 ± 0·5 (24) | – | 0·2 ± 0·1 (40) |
| Arcytophyllum ciliolatum Standl. | R2 | Hym, Col | 45 (12) | 6 | 41·5 ± 20·8 | 31·8 ± 5·9 | 32·0 ± 5·7 | 36·1 ± 11·5 | 0·6 ± 0·3 | 1·4 ± 0·8 (13) | – | 0·6 ± 0·7 (31) |
| Arcytophyllum thymifolium (Ruiz & Pav.) Standl. | R2 | Hym, Col | 8 (4) | 2 | 22 ± 21·2 | 44·8 ± 0·4 | 42·8 ± 1·5 | 12·4 ± 1·9 | 0·1 ± 0·02 | 0·4 ± 0·2 (7) | – | 0·3 ± 0·2 (8) |
| Arcytophyllum vernicosum Standl. | R2 | Hym, Col, Dip | 12 (3) | 2 | 22 ± 2·8 | 22·5 ± 2·1 | 24·0 ± 0·2 | 53·5 ± 2·2 | 1·2 ± 0·1 | 0·4 ± 0·4 (13) | – | 0·4 ± 0·2 (12) |
| Notopleura vargasiana sp. nov. ined. C.M. Taylor | R1 | Hym, Lep, Dip | 21 (7) | 3 | 26·5 ± 25·3 | 6·4 ± 4·3 | 5·6 ± 3·8 | 88·0 ± 8·0 | 13·6 ± 14·5 | 0·8 ± 0·3(10) | – | 0·3 ± 0·3 (21) |
| Faramea cf. glandulosa Poepp. & Endl. | R3 | Hym, Lep | 8 (4) | 2 | 41·5 ± 9·2 | 14·3 ± 9·8 | 13·6 ± 9·7 | 72·1 ± 19·5 | 3·8 ± 3·3 | 1·6 ± 0·8 (12) | – | 0·4 ± 0·2 (12) |
| Psychotria reticulata Ruiz & Pav. | R1 | Hym, Lep | 19 (5) | 3 | 25·3 ± 14·0 | 12·7 ± 0·5 | 16·4 ± 2·6 | 70·9 ± 2·1 | 2·4 ± 0·3 | 1·0 ± 0·5 (27) | – | 0·3 ± 0·2 (12) |
| Faramea coerulescens K. Schum. & K. Krause | R3 | Hym, Lep, T3 | 8 (3) | 1 | 14·5 | 23·2 | 17·1 | 59·8 | 1·5 | 4·7 ± 2·6 (8) | – | 0·9 ± 0·7 (10) |
| Ornithophily | ||||||||||||
| Palicourea angustifolia Kunth | R1 | T, Hym, Lep | 24 (6) | 8 | 19·8 ± 5·9 | 14·4 ± 2·2 | 12·4 ± 2·7 | 73·2 ± 4·7 | 2·8 ± 0·7 | 7·7 ± 2·6 (24) | – | 2·2 ± 1·7 (53) |
| Palicourea calycina Benth. | R1 | T, Hym, Lep | 44 (12) | 9 | 24·9 ± 10·5 | 18·3 ± 5·9 | 16·0 ± 7 5 | 65·8 ± 13·2 | 2·2 ± 0·8 | 16·1 ± 5·1 (44) | – | 1·1 ± 1·0 (49) |
| Palicourea canarina C.M. Taylor | R1 | T, Hym, Lep | 106 (14) | 3 | 14·0 ± 2·0 | 29·3 ± 3·7 | 15·1 ± 3·8 | 55·6 ± 6·3 | 1·3 ± 0·3 | 14·4 ± 9·6 (106) | – | 5·6 ± 7·0 (62) |
| Palicourea heterochroma K. Schum. & K. Krause | R1 | T, Hym, Lep | 21 (6) | 13 | 15·3 ± 4·9 | 18·2 ± 5·4 | 14·4 ± 5·3 | 67·4 ± 10·6 | 2·3 ± 0·9 | 43·1 ± 16·3 (21) | – | 4·0 ± 4·8 (29) |
| Palicourea luteonivea C.M. Taylor | R1 | T, Hym, Lep | 26 (8) | 16 | 15·9 ± 4·0 | 14·8 ± 4·0 | 10·8 ± 8·6 | 74·4 ± 12·5 | 3·3 ± 0·8 | 15·9 ± 7·1 (26) | – | 2·8 ± 3·4 (92) |
| Palicourea subtomentosa (Ruiz & Pav.) DC | R1 | T2, Hym, Lep | 15 (4) | 2 | 17·0 ± 5·7 | 14·2 ± 3·8 | 12·2 ± 4·8 | 73·6 ± 8·6 | 3·0 ± 1·3 | 1·6 ± 0·6 (15) | – | 0·6 ± 0·5 (15) |
| Palicourea c.f. weberbaueri K. Krause | R1 | T, Hym, Lep | 33 (10) | 23 | 21·8 ± 8·4 | 20·4 ± 7·5 | 20·8 ± 11·2 | 58·9 ± 18·0 | 1·7 ± 0·8 | 7·5 ± 3·8 (45) | – | 1·6 ± 2·9 (92) |
| Palicourea lobbii Standl. | R1 | T, Hym | 13 (5) | 3 | 17·7 ± 2·1 | 11·8 ± 0·8 | 7·7 ± 0·7 | 80·5 ± 0·8 | 4·1 ± 0·2 | 10·6 ± 3·7 (15) | – | 3·6 ± 4·0 (15) |
| Palicourea lyristipula Wernham | R1 | T, Hym | 49 (10) | 14 | 26·1 ± 11·7 | 18·0 ± 6·6 | 17·6 ± 8·3 | 64·3 ± 14·7 | 2·1 ± 1·0 | 4·8 ± 2·0 (57) | – | 0·8 ± 1·3 (154) |
| Palicourea thyrsiflora SW | R1 | T, Hym | 35 (6) | 13 | 10·6 ± 2·6 | 22·8 ± 6·7 | 17·7 ± 5·8 | 59·5 ± 12·3 | 2·1 ± 2·6 | 30·6 ± 15·7 (35) | – | 2·8 ± 2·9 (51) |
| Manettia sp. 1 | R2 | T | 12 (4) | 4 | 8·3 ± 2·4 | 15·9 ± 6·5 | 7·3 ± 4·9 | 76·8 ± 11·3 | 4·1 ± 2·5 | 51·9 ± 7·1 (12) | – | 1·7 ± 2·4 (38) |
| Symbolanthus calygonus (Ruiz & Pav.) Griseb. ex Gilg | G2 | T | 10 (5) | 1 | 15·5 | 20·1 | 8 | 71·9 | 2·6 | 48·9 ± 16·5 (10) | – | 6·8 ± 5·7 (15) |
| Palicourea sp. 1 | R1 | – | 11 (1) | 1 | 14 | 17·8 | 17·6 | 64·6 | 1·8 | 14·5 ± 4·5 (11) | – | 0·5 ± 0·7 (11) |
| Psycho-Sphingo-Phalaenophily | ||||||||||||
| Arachnothryx lojensis Steyerm. | R6 | Lep | 17 (5) | 11 | 15·5 ± 4·8 | 7·6 ± 3·6 | 3·0 ± 5·3 | 89·4 ± 8·3 | 10·3 ± 4·6 | 1·8 ± 0·9 (17) | – | 0·6 ± 1·1 (248) |
| Ladenbergia sp. 1 | R4 | Noc, Sph, T | 3 (2) | 1 | 22 | 12·2 | 6·4 | 81·4 | 4·4 | 45·2 ± 9·7 (3) | 41·3 ± 15·3 (3) | 1·1 ± 1·0 (5) |
| Palicourea andrei Standl. | R1 | Noc, Sph, T | 5 (2) | 1 | 17 | 16 | 20·2 | 63·7 | 1·8 | 14·7 ± 3·1 (5) | 13·3 ± 3·3 (11) | 1·5 ± 1·0 (4) |
| Isertia laevis (Triana) B. M. Boom | R9 | Noc, Sph, T, Hym | 28 (6) | 18 | 17·9 ± 6·8 | 33·6 ± 9·0 | 31·3 ± 7·1 | 35·1 ± 12·2 | 0·7 ± 0·9 | 39·3 ± 19·6 (28) | 18·5 ± 14·3 (163) | 4·7 ± 7·2 (119) |
| Ladenbergia sp. 2 | R4 | Noc, Sph, Hym | 10 (1) | 1 | 9·5 | 14·5 | 17·6 | 67·9 | 2·1 | 5·4 ± 1·7 (10) | 6·4 ± 1·9 (15) | 0·2 ± 0·3 (15) |
| Hillia parasitica Jacquin | R5 | Sph, Hym | 4 (2) | 1 | 16 | 2·5 | 3·6 | 93·9 | 15·5 | 41·0 ± 9·9 (3) | 32 ± 11·9 (6) | 24·3 (1) |
| Hillia wurdackii Steyerm. | R5 | Sph, | 3 (2) | 1 | 19·5 | 6·5 | 2·5 | 91 | 10·1 | 38·3 ± 15·2 (4) | 36·7 ± 13·1 (7) | 29·5 (1) |
| Chiropterophily | ||||||||||||
| Macrocarpaea arborescens Gilg | G2 | G1, T, Hym | 7 (4) | 1 | 23 | 43·5 | 29·6 | 26·9 | 0·4 | 67·9 ± 15·8 (7) | 51·7 ± 18·7 (15) | 1·6 ± 1·7 (14) |
| Macrocarpaea harlingii J. S. Pringle | G2 | G1, T, Hym, Noc | 13 (6) | 1 | 11 | 36·3 | 35·3 | 28·4 | 0·4 | 73·1 ± 27·8 (13) | 60·6 ± 27·7 (18) | 2·5 ± 2·5 (19) |
| Macrocarpaea noctiluca J. R. Grant & Struwe | G2 | G1, T, Hym, Spi, Noc, Lep, Dip | 12 (6) | 1 | 10·5 | 33.9 | 25·8 | 40·3 | 0·7 | 98·8 ± 28·3 (12) | 58·7 ± 33·8 (32) | 4·4 ± 12·6 (26) |
| Symbolanthus sp. nov. ined. | G2 | G1, T, Hym, Spi, Noc | 12 (5) | 1 | 12 | 34·9 | 19·2 | 45·9 | 0·8 | 102·9 ± 42·1 (15) | 83·9 ± 28·0 (12) | 9·5 ± 6·2 (15) |
Flower visitors were observed by the author with the exception of those observed by 1 Matt (2001), 2 Dziedzioch (2001) and 3 A. Paulsch (pers. comm.).
= mean; s.d. = standard deviation; n = number of flowers sampled for nectar volumes.
*
G, Gentianaceae; R, Rubiaceae. Tribal affiation is designated by the following numerals: G1, Gentianeae; G2, Helieae; R1, Psychotrieae; R2, Hedyotideae; R3, Coussareae; R4, Cinchoneae; R5, Hillieae; R6, Rondeletieae; R7, Coccocypseleae; R8, Condamineeae; R9, Isertieae.
G, Glossophagidae; T, Trochilidae; Hym, Hymenoptera (mainly Apidae); Lep, Lepidoptera except Sphingidae, Noctuideae, Geometridae; Sph, Sphingidae; Noc, Noctuidae and Geometridae; Dip, Diptera; Col, Coleoptera.