Table 4.

The effect of malaria alone, intestinal helminths alone, and coinfection on LBW, PTD, and SGA, Ghana, 2006

Models*	LBW						PTD						SGA
	Anemia no			Anemia yes			Anemia no			Anemia yes			Anemia no			Anemia yes
	N (%)	OR	95% CI	N (%)	OR	95% CI	N (%)	OR	95% CI	N (%)	OR	95% CI	N (%)	OR	95% CI	N (%)	OR	95% CI
All women
Uninfected	46 (58.2)	Ref		15 (25.0)	Ref		40 (55.6)	Ref		20 (33.3)	Ref		31 (58.5)	Ref		10 (21.3)	Ref
Malaria only	10 (12.7)	1.3	0.6–1.6	18 (30.0)	2.5	1.1–5.5	14 (19.4)	1.5	0.7–2.9	16 (26.7)	1.3	0.6–2.5	10 (18.9)	1.0	0.1–1.2	15 (31.9)	2.7	1.5–5.9
Helminths only	8 (10.1)	0.7	0.3–1.6	9 (15.0)	1.1	0.8–1.9	7 (9.7)	1.7	0.8–3.8	8 (13..3)	1.9	0.8–7.3	3 (5.7)	1.2	0.4–2.6	7 (14.9)	2.2	1.4–3.8
Coinfected	15 (19.0)	1.6	1.1–2.7	18 (30.0)	3.0	1.2–8.3	11 (15.3)	1.7	0.9–3.2	16 (26.7)	2.6	1.2–7.5	9 (16..9)	1.4	0.5–2.3	15 (31.9)	3.5	1.4–8.6
Malaria infected
Malaria only	8 (34.8)	Ref		14 (45.2)	Ref		12 (50.0)	Ref		4 (26.7)	Ref		17 (53.1)	Ref		12 (48.0)	Ref
Coinfected	15 (65.2)	1.1	0.4–2.6	17 (54.8)	1.8	0.7–2.6	12 (50.0)	1.0	0.3–3.0	11 (73.3)	1.1	0.4–2.5	15 (47.9)	1.7	0.6–2.9	13 (52.0)	2.1	0.6–7.6
Helminth infected
Helminths only	10 (40.0)	Ref		9 (34.6)	Ref		9 (42.9)	Ref		8 (34.8)	Ref		6 (35.3)	Ref		4 (23.5)	Ref
Coinfected	15 (60.0)	2.0	0.8–5.0	17 (65.4)	2.7	1.1–6.4	12 (57.1)	1.2	0.5–2.7	15 (65.2)	1.4	0.6–3.3	11 (64.7)	2.6	0.8–8.6	13 (76.5)	2.9	1.2–7.6

^*All models for LBW, PTD, and SGA adjusted for age, income, mother's weight and height, previous birth outcomes, gravidity, baby's sex, serum folate, HIV status, malaria and helminth prophylaxis, sickle cell trait and disease, and iron and folic acid supplementations.

OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval.

Bold: P < 0.05.