Fig. 6.

Mean changes in the bending angle and the angle of connection of growth units (GUs) of each age class during the treatment period. Changes away from the vertical are expressed as positive values, and changes toward erection are expressed as negative values. Values for a given age have been averaged when there were multiple GUs for an individual. Error bars represent standard deviation. Asterisks denote the significance level of the change based on a pairwise t-test (^*, P < 0·05; ^**, P < 0·01; ^***, P < 0·001). The current-year GUs have been omitted for Qm because few current-year GUs had finished elongation by the beginning of the treatments. Cj, Cryptomeria japonica; Pd, Pinus densiflora; Qm, Quercus myrsinaefolia; Qs, Q. serrata.