Representative locations and extent of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH)- and lateral hypothalamic area (LHA)-targeted CSF or neuropeptide Y (NPY) injections are indicated by the shaded areas enclosed by the black lines on levels 26–28 of Swanson's rat brain atlas (54). Nine animals had injections outside target areas, and the locations of their most ventral aspects are marked by black dots. NPY injected at these locations had no effect on food intake. AHN, anterior nucleus of the hypothalamus; ARH, arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus; d, dorsal region of the LHA; DMHa, dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus, anterior part; fx, fornix; jd, juxtadorsomedial region of the LHA; jp, juxtaposterior region of the LHA; jvd, juxtadorsomedial region, dorsal zone of the LHA; jvv, juxtadorsomedial region, medial zone of the LHA; l, internuclear zone, hypothalamic periventricular region; ME, median eminence; opt, optic tract; RE, nucleus reunions; s, suprafornical region of the LHA; sfa, suprafornical region, anterior zone, of the LHA; sfp, suprafornical region, posterior zone, of the LHA; TUi, tuberal nucleus, intermediate part; TUsv, tuberal nucleus, subventricular part; V3, third ventricle; VMH, ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus; ZI, zona incerta. (modified from Ref. 54. Please refer to Ref. 54 to identify the unlabeled anatomical regions.)