Abstract
Typical histone genes lack intervening sequences and encode small mRNAs (400-800 nucleotides) with short leader and trailer regions. Most histone mRNAs are not polyadenylylated but rather terminate in a highly conserved stem and loop structure. The early, late, and testis-specific histone genes of sea urchins, described to date, have this typical histone gene structure. We have identified an unusual H1 gene, H1-delta, in sea urchins that encodes a poly(A)+ mRNA. This mRNA is one of a group of polyadenylylated transcripts homologous with H1 gene probes. The sequence of H1-delta had been determined. H1-delta encodes a different H1 protein. Although the temporal expression of H1-delta mRNA is similar to that of other late H1 (beta and gamma) mRNAs, its spatial distribution at the time of maximal accumulation is distinct and confirms that H1-delta is regulated differently than other H1 genes.
Full text
PDF




Images in this article
Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Allan J., Hartman P. G., Crane-Robinson C., Aviles F. X. The structure of histone H1 and its location in chromatin. Nature. 1980 Dec 25;288(5792):675–679. doi: 10.1038/288675a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Angerer L., DeLeon D., Cox K., Maxson R., Kedes L., Kaumeyer J., Weinberg E., Angerer R. Simultaneous expression of early and late histone messenger RNAs in individual cells during development of the sea urchin embryo. Dev Biol. 1985 Nov;112(1):157–166. doi: 10.1016/0012-1606(85)90129-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bannon G. A., Calzone F. J., Bowen J. K., Allis C. D., Gorovsky M. A. Multiple, independently regulated, polyadenylated messages for histone H3 and H4 in Tetrahymena. Nucleic Acids Res. 1983 Jun 25;11(12):3903–3917. doi: 10.1093/nar/11.12.3903. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Birnstiel M. L., Busslinger M., Strub K. Transcription termination and 3' processing: the end is in site! Cell. 1985 Jun;41(2):349–359. doi: 10.1016/s0092-8674(85)80007-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Brush D., Dodgson J. B., Choi O. R., Stevens P. W., Engel J. D. Replacement variant histone genes contain intervening sequences. Mol Cell Biol. 1985 Jun;5(6):1307–1317. doi: 10.1128/mcb.5.6.1307. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Busslinger M., Barberis A. Synthesis of sperm and late histone cDNAs of the sea urchin with a primer complementary to the conserved 3' terminal palindrome: evidence for tissue-specific and more general histone gene variants. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1985 Sep;82(17):5676–5680. doi: 10.1073/pnas.82.17.5676. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Childs G., Maxson R., Kedes L. H. Histone gene expression during sea urchin embryogenesis: isolation and characterization of early and late messenger RNAs of Strongylocentrotus purpuratus by gene-specific hybridization and template activity. Dev Biol. 1979 Nov;73(1):153–173. doi: 10.1016/0012-1606(79)90144-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Cohen L. H., Newrock K. M., Zweidler A. Stage-specific switches in histone synthesis during embryogenesis of the sea urchin. Science. 1975 Dec 5;190(4218):994–997. doi: 10.1126/science.1237932. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Coles L. S., Wells J. R. An H1 histone gene-specific 5' element and evolution of H1 and H5 genes. Nucleic Acids Res. 1985 Jan 25;13(2):585–594. doi: 10.1093/nar/13.2.585. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Cox K. H., Angerer L. M., Lee J. J., Davidson E. H., Angerer R. C. Cell lineage-specific programs of expression of multiple actin genes during sea urchin embryogenesis. J Mol Biol. 1986 Mar 20;188(2):159–172. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(86)90301-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Cox K. H., DeLeon D. V., Angerer L. M., Angerer R. C. Detection of mrnas in sea urchin embryos by in situ hybridization using asymmetric RNA probes. Dev Biol. 1984 Feb;101(2):485–502. doi: 10.1016/0012-1606(84)90162-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Dalton S., Coleman J. R., Wells J. R. Transcription of the histone H5 gene is not S-phase regulated. Mol Cell Biol. 1986 Feb;6(2):601–606. doi: 10.1128/mcb.6.2.601. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Davidson E. H., Hough-Evans B. R., Britten R. J. Molecular biology of the sea urchin embryo. Science. 1982 Jul 2;217(4554):17–26. doi: 10.1126/science.6178156. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- DeLeon D. V., Cox K. H., Angerer L. M., Angerer R. C. Most early-variant histone mRNA is contained in the pronucleus of sea urchin eggs. Dev Biol. 1983 Nov;100(1):197–206. doi: 10.1016/0012-1606(83)90211-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ernst S. G., Miller H., Brenner C. A., Nocente-McGrath C., Francis S., McIsaac R. Characterization of a cDNA clone coding for a sea urchin histone H2A variant related to the H2A.F/Z histone protein in vertebrates. Nucleic Acids Res. 1987 Jun 11;15(11):4629–4644. doi: 10.1093/nar/15.11.4629. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Fahrner K., Yarger J., Hereford L. Yeast histone mRNA is polyadenylated. Nucleic Acids Res. 1980 Dec 11;8(23):5725–5737. doi: 10.1093/nar/8.23.5725. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Knowles J. A., Childs G. J. Comparison of the late H1 histone genes of the sea urchins Lytechinus pictus and Strongelocentrotus purpuratus. Nucleic Acids Res. 1986 Oct 24;14(20):8121–8133. doi: 10.1093/nar/14.20.8121. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Knowles J. A., Lai Z. C., Childs G. J. Isolation, characterization, and expression of the gene encoding the late histone subtype H1-gamma of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. Mol Cell Biol. 1987 Jan;7(1):478–485. doi: 10.1128/mcb.7.1.478. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lai Z. C., Childs G. Isolation and characterization of the gene encoding the testis specific histone protein H2B-2 from the sea urchin Lytechinus pictus. Nucleic Acids Res. 1986 Sep 11;14(17):6845–6856. doi: 10.1093/nar/14.17.6845. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lai Z. C., Maxson R., Childs G. Both basal and ontogenic promoter elements affect the timing and level of expression of a sea urchin H1 gene during early embryogenesis. Genes Dev. 1988 Feb;2(2):173–183. doi: 10.1101/gad.2.2.173. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lee J. J., Calzone F. J., Britten R. J., Angerer R. C., Davidson E. H. Activation of sea urchin actin genes during embryogenesis. Measurement of transcript accumulation from five different genes in Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. J Mol Biol. 1986 Mar 20;188(2):173–183. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(86)90302-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lennox R. W., Cohen L. H. The histone H1 complements of dividing and nondividing cells of the mouse. J Biol Chem. 1983 Jan 10;258(1):262–268. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Levenson R. G., Marcu K. B. On the existence of polyadenylated histone mRNA in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Cell. 1976 Oct;9(2):311–322. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(76)90121-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lieber T., Weisser K., Childs G. Analysis of histone gene expression in adult tissues of the sea urchins Strongylocentrotus purpuratus and Lytechinus pictus: tissue-specific expression of sperm histone genes. Mol Cell Biol. 1986 Jul;6(7):2602–2612. doi: 10.1128/mcb.6.7.2602. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Mauron A., Kedes L., Hough-Evans B. R., Davidson E. H. Accumulation of individual histone mRNAs during embryogenesis of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. Dev Biol. 1982 Dec;94(2):425–434. doi: 10.1016/0012-1606(82)90359-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Maxson R., Cohn R., Kedes L., Mohun T. Expression and organization of histone genes. Annu Rev Genet. 1983;17:239–277. doi: 10.1146/annurev.ge.17.120183.001323. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Melton D. A., Krieg P. A., Rebagliati M. R., Maniatis T., Zinn K., Green M. R. Efficient in vitro synthesis of biologically active RNA and RNA hybridization probes from plasmids containing a bacteriophage SP6 promoter. Nucleic Acids Res. 1984 Sep 25;12(18):7035–7056. doi: 10.1093/nar/12.18.7035. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Newrock K. M., Alfageme C. R., Nardi R. V., Cohen L. H. Histone changes during chromatin remodeling in embryogenesis. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol. 1978;42(Pt 1):421–431. doi: 10.1101/sqb.1978.042.01.045. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Pehrson J. R., Cohen L. H. Distribution of histone H1 alpha among cells of the sea urchin embryo. Dev Biol. 1985 Oct;111(2):530–533. doi: 10.1016/0012-1606(85)90506-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Poccia D. L., Simpson M. V., Green G. R. Transitions in histone variants during sea urchin spermatogenesis. Dev Biol. 1987 Jun;121(2):445–453. doi: 10.1016/0012-1606(87)90181-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ruiz-Carrillo A., Affolter M., Renaud J. Genomic organization of the genes coding for the six main histones of the chicken: complete sequence of the H5 gene. J Mol Biol. 1983 Nov 15;170(4):843–859. doi: 10.1016/s0022-2836(83)80191-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Sanger F., Nicklen S., Coulson A. R. DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1977 Dec;74(12):5463–5467. doi: 10.1073/pnas.74.12.5463. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wells D. E. Compilation analysis of histones and histone genes. Nucleic Acids Res. 1986;14 (Suppl):r119–r149. doi: 10.1093/nar/14.suppl.r119. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wells D., Kedes L. Structure of a human histone cDNA: evidence that basally expressed histone genes have intervening sequences and encode polyadenylylated mRNAs. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1985 May;82(9):2834–2838. doi: 10.1073/pnas.82.9.2834. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Younghusband H. B., Sturm R., Wells J. R. Mutagenesis of conserved 5' elements and transcription of a chicken H1 histone gene. Nucleic Acids Res. 1986 Jan 24;14(2):635–644. doi: 10.1093/nar/14.2.635. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]



