FIGURE 3.

Reduced fasting gluconeogenic gene expression and protection against obesity-induced insulin resistance. A, G6Pase, PEPCK, and PGC1α mRNA expression in livers from overnight fasted wild type and β1^−/− mice. B, liver and muscle glycogen levels from wild type and β1^−/− mice. C, serum insulin in fasted wild type and β1^−/− mice. Shown are insulin tolerance tests in wild type and β1^−/− mice fed chow (D) or HFD (E). All values are mean ± S.E.; n = 6–8; *, p < 0.05, and ***, p < 0.001 compared with wild type; #, p < 0.05 relative to chow.