Table 4.
Mean effect sizes for neuropsychological measures for patients with bipolar illness during euthymia as compared to healthy controls. Measures are organized by neurocognitive domain.
| Measure | K | N (patient/control) |
d | 95% CI | Z | p | Qw | p | Nfs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Attention | |||||||||
| CPT | 13 | 401/404 | .69 | .54/.83 | 9.16 | <.0001 | 64.80 | <.0001 | 32 |
| Digits Forward |
8 | 326/275 | .41 | .24/.57 | 4.82 | .0001 | 10.55 | .16 | 8 |
| Trails A | 17 | 638/514 | .65 | .58/.77 | 10.40 | <.0001 | 18.48 | .30 | 38 |
|
Working Memory | |||||||||
| Digits Backward |
10 | 367/414 | .65 | .50/.81 | 8.30 | <.0001 | 44.09 | <.0001 | 23 |
|
Verbal Memory | |||||||||
| R/CVLT | 18 | 642/645 | .81 | .69/.93 | 13.31 | <.0001 | 33.54 | .01 | 55 |
| Total | |||||||||
| R/CVLT | 9 | 347/267 | .78 | .61/.95 | 8.95 | <.0001 | 15.78 | .05 | 26 |
| Long Delay Free Recall | |||||||||
| WMS-LM- Imm. |
3 | 85/159 | .74 | .44/1.03 | 4.89 | <.0001 | .40 | .82 | 8 |
| WMS-LM- Del. |
3 | 85/159 | .83 | .53/1.13 | 5.47 | <.0001 | .38 | .83 | 9 |
|
Non-verbal Memory | |||||||||
| RCFT-Imm. | 3 | 94/93 | .73 | .43/1.03 | 4.83 | <.0001 | .64 | .73 | 8 |
| RCFT-Del. | 3 | 110/92 | .80 | .51/1.10 | 5.38 | <.0001 | .32 | .85 | 9 |
| WMS-VR- Imm. |
3 | 85/159 | .63 | .33/.92 | 4.19 | <.0001 | 2.44 | .30 | 6 |
| WMS-VR- Del. |
3 | 85/159 | .92 | .62/1.22 | 6.03 | <.0001 | 2.81 | .25 | 11 |
|
Visuospatial Function | |||||||||
| Block Design |
5 | 169/139 | .55 | .31/.79 | 4.52 | <.0001 | 4.41 | .35 | 9 |
| RCFT Copy | 4 | 131/89 | .26 | −.02/.53 | 1.84 | .07 | 1.62 | .66 | 1 |
| Language | |||||||||
| FAS | 15 | 543/462 | .51 | .38/.64 | 7.73 | <.0001 | 19.24 | .16 | 23 |
| AN | 8 | 299/196 | .75 | .56/.94 | 7.75 | <.0001 | 9.40 | .23 | 23 |
|
Psychomotor Speed | |||||||||
| DSST | 10 | 279/411 | .66 | .50/.83 | 7.91 | <.0001 | 18.15 | .03 | 22 |
|
Executive- Function | |||||||||
| WCST-CAT | 16 | 565/511 | .54 | .41/.66 | 8.15 | <.0001 | 61.46 | <.0001 | 27 |
| WCST-PE | 15 | 510/514 | .61 | .48/.74 | 9.09 | <.0001 | 34.65 | .0017 | 31 |
| SCWT | 15 | 460/395 | .75 | .60/.89 | 10.22 | <.0001 | 29.78 | .008 | 41 |
| Trails B | 18 | 663/530 | .73 | .61/.85 | 11.70 | <.0001 | 58.76 | <.0001 | 48 |
Note: AN=Animal Naming, AVLT=Auditory Verbal Learning Test, BD=Block Design, CPT=Continuous Performance Test, CVLT=California Verbal Learning Test, DS=Digit Span, DSST=Digit Symbol Substitution Test, FAS=Controlled Oral Word Association Test, RAVLT=Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, RCFT=Rey Complex Figure Test, SCWT=Stroop Color Word Test, WCST=Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, CAT=Categories, PE=Perseverative Errors, WMS-LM=Wechsler Memory Scale, Logical Memory subtest, WMS-VR=Wechsler Memory Scale-Visual Reproduction subtest. k, number of studies; N, number of participants; ES, weighted effect-size between-groups; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval; Z significance statistic between the groups, Qw within-group homogeneity statistic, Nfs, indicates the number of null findings that would need to be found to reduce the mean effect size to .20.