Table 5.
Mean effect sizes for neuropsychological measures in patients with bipolar illness during a manic/mixed phase as compared to healthy controls. Measures are organized by neurocognitive domain.
| Measure | k | N (patient/control) |
d | 95% CI | Z | p | Qw | p | Nfs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Attention | |||||||||
| CPT | 4 | 107/103 | .79 | .50/1.06 | 5.49 | <.0001 | .06 | >.99 | 12 |
| Trails A | 4 | 111/117 | .90 | .62/1.18 | 6.40 | <.0001 | .71 | .87 | 14 |
|
Verbal Memory | |||||||||
| R/CVLT Total |
6 | 140/157 | 1.43 | 1.17/1.68 | 11.09 | <.0001 | 8.188 | .15 | 37 |
| R/CVLT Long Delay Recall |
4 | 91/128 | 1.05 | .76/1.35 | 7.02 | <.0001 | 1.115 | .77 | 17 |
| Language | |||||||||
| FAS | 4 | 109/119 | .51 | .24/.77 | 3.70 | .0002 | 2.78 | .43 | 6 |
| AN | 4 | 100/113 | .59 | .31/.87 | 4.11 | <.0001 | 2.69 | .44 | 8 |
|
Executive- Function | |||||||||
| WCST-PE | 4 | 98/123 | .72 | .45/1.00 | 5.10 | <.0001 | 5.27 | .15 | 10 |
| Trails B | 4 | 111/117 | .64 | .37/.91 | 4.62 | <.0001 | 4.61 | .20 | 9 |
Note: AN=Animal Naming, AVLT=Auditory Verbal Learning Test, CPT=Continuous Performance Test, CVLT=California Verbal Learning Test, DS=Digit Span, FAS=Controlled Oral Word Association Test, RAVLT=Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, WCST=Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, PE=Perseverative Errors. k, number of studies; N, number of participants; ES, weighted effect-size between-groups; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval; Z significance statistic between the groups, Qw within-group homogeneity statistic, Nfs, indicates the number of null findings that would need to be found to reduce the mean effect size to .20.