TABLE 1.

Details of the Music Engagement Studies Reviewed

Author(s)	Year of Study	Study Design	No. of Participants	Study Population	Variable(s) Measured	Findings
Guzzetta26	1989	Randomized controlled trial; relaxation, music therapy, and control groups	80	Coronary artery disease patients	Stress	More improvements in apical heart rates and peripheral temperatures in the relaxation and music therapy groups than in the control group
White41	1999	Pretest–posttest	45	Coronary artery disease patients	Stress and psychological variables	Reductions in heart rate, respiratory rate, myocardial oxygen demand, and anxiety after 20 minutes of relaxing music
Burns et al.42	2001	Pretest–posttest	29	Cancer patients	Psychological variables and immune system response	Improvements in well-being and relaxation and reductions in tension and serum cortisol levels during music listening experience