TABLE 2.

Race and Other Determinants of Mortality in Union Army Veterans, 1900–1914, and in Male Participants in the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), 1992–2006

	HRa (95% CI)	HRb (95% CI)	HRc (95% CI)
Union army (N = 10 790)
Black	1.263 (1.150, 1.387)	1.228 (1.113, 1.356)	1.184 (1.061, 1.322)
Age		1.023 (1.016, 1.031)	1.023 (1.016, 1.031)
Married		0.919 (0.849, 0.995)	0.921 (0.850, 0.997)
Foreign-born		1.125 (1.046, 1.211)	1.119 (1.039, 1.204)
Occupation
Unproductive		1.273 (1.094, 1.482)	1.278 (1.098, 1.487)
Manual laborer		1.113 (0.993, 1.248)	1.115 (0.993, 1.251)
Service worker		1.173 (1.017, 1.354)	1.174 (1.017, 1.355)
Artisan		1.099 (0.978, 1.235)	1.104 (0.982, 1.240)
Farmer		0.996 (0.905, 1.097)	1.016 (0.917, 1.126)
Farm worker		0.959 (0.800, 1.150)	0.974 (0.810, 1.171)
Residence
Very large city			1.098 (0.966, 1.249)
Large city			0.980 (0.850, 1.131)
Literate			0.936 (0.851, 1.030)
Home ownership		0.843 (0.789, 0.901)	0.850 (0.794, 0.909)
HRS (N = 5305)
Race/ethnicity
Black	1.627 (1.425, 1.857)	1.247 (1.084, 1.433)	1.170 (1.014, 1.351)
Hispanic		0.777 (0.631, 0.958)	0.711 (0.574, 0.880)
Age		1.009 (0.993, 1.026)	1.006 (0.989, 1.023)
Married		0.760 (0.655, 0.882)	0.794 (0.682, 0.924)
Foreign-born		0.797 (0.609, 1.044)	0.830 (0.633, 1.087)
Occupation
Unproductive		2.565 (2.153, 3.057)	1.993 (1.638, 2.426)
Manual laborer		1.380 (1.108, 1.718)	1.071 (0.848, 1.353)
Service worker		1.238 (1.002, 1.529)	1.027 (0.824, 1.279)
Artisan		1.286 (1.028, 1.608)	1.006 (0.793, 1.276)
Lives on farm		1.475 (1.110, 1.960)	1.179 (0.880, 1.579)
Education
College			0.723 (0.588, 0.889)
Some college			1.054 (0.896, 1.241)
High school			0.945 (0.824, 1.083)
Home ownership		0.719 (0.622, 0.832)	0.769 (0.664, 0.891)
Income (in $10 000s)			0.961 (0.935, 0.987)

Notes. CI = confidence interval; HR = hazard ratio.

^aAdjusts for Black race/ethnicity.

^bAdjusts for Black race/ethnicity, demographics, occupation, and home ownership.

^cAdjusts for all covariates listed in this table.