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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2010 Oct 1.
Published in final edited form as: Polit Psychol. 2009 Oct 1;30(5):805–828. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9221.2009.00726.x

Table 2.

Path Coefficients of the Structural Equation Model Using the 1990 ANES Data

Outcome variable
Opposition to
preferential hiring of
Blacks
Opposition to
food stamps
Opposition to aid to the
homeless
Opposition to social
security
Predictor b SE β b SE β b SE β b SE β
Symbolic racism 0.53*** 0.09 .38 0.16 0.09 .13 0.08 0.08 .07 −0.42*** 0.08 −.35

Party
identification
0.02 0.08 .02 −0.06 0.07 −.06 −0.06 0.06 .06 0.14* 0.07 .15

Liberal-
conservative
ideology
−0.02 0.16 .01 0.38** 0.14 .19 0.22 0.13 .12 −0.14 0.15 .07

Government size 0.16*** 0.05 .20 0.08* 0.04 .11 0.16*** 0.04 .22 0.09* 0.04 .13

Anti-egalitarian
values
0.00 0.12 .00 0.26* 0.13 .17 0.30* 0.13 .21 0.51*** 0.13 .37

Age 0.000 0.001 .02 −0.002* 0.001 −.10 0.000 0.001 −.01 −0.001 0.001 −.05

Gender (male) −0.01 0.03 −.02 −0.05* 0.03 −.09 −0.05* 0.02 −.09 −0.02 0.03 −.03

Education 0.01 0.004 .07 0.001 0.001 .02 0.01*** 0.003 .09 0.003 0.003 .05

Income 0.002 0.001 .07 0.003* 0.001 .09 0.003* 0.001 .12 0.002 0.001 .09

R 2 .20 .16 .20 .20

Note: N = 569. Variables were scored such that higher scores entail higher racism, greater opposition to equality and large government, more conservative ideology, and stronger identification with the Republican Party. Standard errors are robust estimates provided by EQS version 5.7b.

*

p < .05

**

p < .01

***

p < .001