Table 2.

Path Coefficients of the Structural Equation Model Using the 1990 ANES Data

	Outcome variable
	Opposition to preferential hiring of Blacks			Opposition to food stamps			Opposition to aid to the homeless			Opposition to social security
Predictor	b	SE	β	b	SE	β	b	SE	β	b	SE	β
Symbolic racism	0.53^***	0.09	.38	0.16	0.09	.13	0.08	0.08	.07	−0.42^***	0.08	−.35

Party identification	0.02	0.08	.02	−0.06	0.07	−.06	−0.06	0.06	.06	0.14^*	0.07	.15

Liberal- conservative ideology	−0.02	0.16	.01	0.38^**	0.14	.19	0.22	0.13	.12	−0.14	0.15	.07

Government size	0.16^***	0.05	.20	0.08^*	0.04	.11	0.16^***	0.04	.22	0.09^*	0.04	.13

Anti-egalitarian values	0.00	0.12	.00	0.26^*	0.13	.17	0.30^*	0.13	.21	0.51^***	0.13	.37

Age	0.000	0.001	.02	−0.002^*	0.001	−.10	0.000	0.001	−.01	−0.001	0.001	−.05

Gender (male)	−0.01	0.03	−.02	−0.05^*	0.03	−.09	−0.05^*	0.02	−.09	−0.02	0.03	−.03

Education	0.01	0.004	.07	0.001	0.001	.02	0.01^***	0.003	.09	0.003	0.003	.05

Income	0.002	0.001	.07	0.003^*	0.001	.09	0.003^*	0.001	.12	0.002	0.001	.09

R ²	.20			.16			.20			.20

Note: N = 569. Variables were scored such that higher scores entail higher racism, greater opposition to equality and large government, more conservative ideology, and stronger identification with the Republican Party. Standard errors are robust estimates provided by EQS version 5.7b.

p < .05

^**

p < .01

^***

p < .001