Table 1.

Mean score (and standard deviation) for questions about home language use from the Language Background Questionnaire. The 5-point scale indicates the dominant language used for hat activity in the home, with 1 being use of the non-English language and 5 the use of English, and 3 representing balanced use of both languages. T-tests compared each score to the balanced mean of 3.0.

Question	Study 1	Study 2	Study 3
Child speaks	3.15 (0.8)	3.20 (0.4) *	2.00 (0.7) **
Adults to each other	1.76 (0.8) **	2.04 (0.7) **	1.10 (0.9) **
Adults to child	2.62 (1.2)	2.40 (0.6) **	1.00 (0.9) **
Siblings	3.64 (1.3) *	3.47 (0.7) **	2.11 (1.2) **
Adults TV/video	2.73 (1.2)	2.36 (0.6) **	2.21 (1.0) **
Child TV/video	4.27 (0.9) **	3.76 (0.7) **	2.8 (1.1)
Adults read	2.69 (1.3)	2.44 (0.7) **	2.36 (1.2) *
Stories to child1	4.46 (0.8) **	---	---

¹This question was only asked in Study 1.

^*p < .05

^**p < .001