Figure 2. Path Model Tested for Fluency as Outcome Model (N = 92).

Note. The number after the variable name corresponds to the time point at which the measurement was taken (1 = spring of first grade, 2 = spring of second grade). Dashed lines = nonsignificant path; solid lines = statistically significant path. F₀ Match = Child-adult pitch (F₀) contour match; Pausal intrusion = total number of intrasentential pauses recorded during oral reading; Word reading skill = raw score on the Sight Word Efficiency subtest of the Test of Word Reading Efficiency, Form A; Fluency = sum of the individual passage scores on the Gray Oral Reading Test, fourth edition, Form B, administered during the spring of the third grade school year.