Figure 3. Effects of reduced (lowest quartile) high-frequency (HF) or low-frequency (LF) heart rate variability on morbidity and mortality in diabetic patients form the ARIC study.

A, B, C and D reflect specific outcomes as follows: A, coronary heart disease; B, myocardial infarction; C, fatal coronary heart disease; and D, total mortality. Diabetic subjects with any marker of reduced heart rate variability had increased morbidity and mortality. Data from Liao et al. (2002).