A–C, photomicrographs of the supraoptic nucleus showing prodynorphin mRNA expression in vasopressin neurones from rats in hypo-osmotic (A), normo-osmotic (B) and hyperosmotic conditions (C). D and E, mean prodynorphin mRNA expression within the supraoptic nuclei (D) and supraoptic nucleus vasopressin neurones (E) of rats in hypo-osmotic, normo-osmotic and hyperosmotic conditions (*P < 0.05 and compared to hypo-osmotic stimuli, one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni's post hoc tests).