Table 2.
Relative risk estimates for community exposure to landfills and incinerators
| Health effect | Distance from the source | Relative Risk (Confidence Interval) | Level of confidence** |
|---|---|---|---|
| Landfills | |||
| Congenital malformations [24] | |||
| All congenital malformations | Within 2 km | 1.02 (99% CI = 1.01-1.03) | Moderate |
| Neural tube defects | Within 2 km | 1.06 (99% CI = 1.01-1.12) | Moderate |
| Hypospadias and epispadias | Within 2 km | 1.07 (99% CI = 1.04-1.11) | Moderate |
| Abdominal wall defects | Within 2 km | 1.05 (99% CI = 0.94-1.16) | Moderate |
| Gastroschisis and exomphalos* | Within 2 km | 1.18 (99% CI = 1.03-1.34) | Moderate |
| Low birth weight [24] | Within 2 km | 1.06 (99% CI = 1.052-1.062) | High |
| Very low birth weight | Within 2 km | 1.04 (99% CI = 1.03-1.06) | High |
| Incinerators | |||
| Congenital malformations [45] | |||
| Facial cleft | Within 10 km | 1.30 (95% CI = 1.06-1.59) | Moderate |
| Renal dysplasia | Within 10 km | 1.55 (95% CI = 1.10-2.20) | Moderate |
| Cancer [30] | |||
| All cancer | Within 3 km | 1.035 (95% CI = 1.03-1.04) | Moderate |
| Stomach cancer | Within 3 km | 1.07 (95% CI = 1.02-1.13) | Moderate |
| Colorectal cancer | Within 3 km | 1.11 (95% CI = 1.07-1.15) | Moderate |
| Liver cancer | Within 3 km | 1.29 (95% CI = 1.10-1.51) | High |
| Lung cancer | Within 3 km | 1.14 (95% CI = 1.11-1.17) | Moderate |
| Soft-tissue sarcoma | Within 3 km | 1.16 (95% CI = 0.96-1.41) | High |
| Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma | Within 3 km | 1.11 (95% CI = 1.04-1.19) | High |
*The original estimates were given for "surgical corrections of..". **The following scale for the level of confidence has been adopted: very high, high, moderate, low, very low.