Figure 2.

Basal flux-sum vs degree of participation. Most of the 17 metabolic cofactors with high flux-sum were highly connected and participated in proportionally as many basal active reactions, except for periplasmic hydrogen ions (red marker). The R-square value for the linear relationship was 0.912 without considering the outlier (red marker). The 17 metabolites are ADP [c], ATP [c], CO₂ [c], H₂O [c], H⁺ [c], NAD [c], NADH [c], PI [c], Q₈ [c], Q₈H₂ [c], CO₂ [p], H₂O [p], H⁺ [p], O₂ [p], CO₂ [e], H₂O [e] and O₂ [e]. Only ADP [c], ATP [c], H₂O [c], H⁺ [c], H⁺ [p] and PI [c] have ultra-high flux-sum.