Table 1.
Cross-sectional study subject characteristics
| Athletes (A) | Nonobese FH− (B) | Nonobese FH+ (C) | Obese (D) | T2DM (E) | Significant Differences | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, yr | 22.8±4.0 | 23.8±2.2 | 25.2±4.3 | 30.8±3.7 | 48.2±12 | ‡E>A,B,C |
| †E>D | ||||||
| Body Weight, kg | 71.8±6.9 | 68.7±7.7 | 82.9±14.4 | 113.9±10.3 | 107.0±14.4 | ‡D>A,B |
| †D>C | ||||||
| ‡E>A,B | ||||||
| *E>C | ||||||
| BMI, kg/m2 | 22.9±2.9 | 22.6±1.9 | 27.0±3.1 | 37.1±5.4 | 35.5±3.4 | ‡D>A,B |
| †D>C | ||||||
| ‡E>A,B | ||||||
| †E>C | ||||||
| %Fat Mass | 12.0±2.5 | 20.1±4.8 | 25.1±4.6 | 32.3±5.1 | 32.2±3.7 | *A<B |
| ‡A<C,D,E | ||||||
| †B<D,E | ||||||
| Fasting glucose, mg/dl | 89.6±5.5 | 91.0±5.1 | 92.2±10.9 | 97.0±4.2 | 184.4±69.8 | †E>A,B,C,D |
| Glucose disposal rate, mg·kg FFM−1·min−1 | 0.21±0.04 | 0.18±0.07 | 0.11±0.02 | 0.05±0.02 | 0.05±0.02 | *A>C |
| ‡A>D,E | ||||||
| †B>D,E | ||||||
| ATPmax, mM/s | 1.04±0.20 | 0.60±0.08 | 0.59±0.10 | 0.63±0.09 | 0.49±0.20 | †A>B,C,D |
| ‡A>E | ||||||
| V̇o2max, ml·kg−1·min−1 | 50.9±3.1 | 32.1±3.4 | 29.9±6.3 | 24.9±3.2 | not measured | ‡A<B,C,D |
Values are means ± SD. FH−, subjects had no family history (FH) of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM); FH+, subjects had ≥1 parent with T2DM. Glucose disposal rate is expressed per kg of fat free mass (FFM); V̇o2max is expressed per kg body wt per min. One-way ANOVA, Tukey's post hoc test:
*
P < 0.05,
†
P < 0.01,
‡
P < 0.001.