. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2010 Sep 1.

Published in final edited form as: J Fam Issues. 2009 Sep 1;30(9):1265–1286. doi: 10.1177/0192513X09332967

Table 2.

Means on Focal Study Measures by Family Structure

	Two biological parent family	“Step- parent” family	“Adoptive” two-parent family	Single mother family	Single father family	All other family structures
Self-perceived adult identity	.36	.45^a	. 39	.47^a	.46^a	.52^a ^b ^c ^d
Family Resources
Family income	3.77	3.59^a	3.78^b	3.07^a ^b ^c	3.50^a ^c ^d	3.25^a ^b ^c ^d ^e
Parental education	5.58	5.41^a	5.71	4.71^a ^b ^c	4.99^a ^b ^c	4.20^a ^b ^c ^d ^e
Family Processes
Parent-adolescent conflict	.39	.44^a	.41	.40	.42	.28^a ^b ^c ^d ^e
Parent-adolescent closeness	3.19	2.99^a	3.22^b	3.41^a ^b ^c	3.17^b ^d	3.21^b ^d
Parental control	1.92	1.89	2.00	1.77^a	1.39^a ^b ^c ^d	1.78^e
Parental presence	2.95	2.70^a	3.00^b	2.42^a ^b ^c	2.03^a ^b ^c ^d	2.82^d ^e
Peer-like communication	.62	.71^a	.76^a	.67^a ^c	.71^a	.66^c
Household responsibilities	2.04	2.06	2.10	2.02	2.03	1.88^a ^b ^c ^d

Note: Means significantly different (p<.05) from

two biological parent family,

“step-parent” family,

“adoptive” two-parent family,

single mother family, and

single father family.