TABLE 2.
| Men, n = 734 |
Women, n = 947 |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T1 | T2 | T3 | P3 | T1 | T2 | T3 | P2 | |
| Age, y | 46.9 ± 9.5 | 47.2 ± 9.2 | 49.7 ± 9.0 | 0.0012 | 46.0 ± 8.7 | 47.6 ± 9.6 | 50.2 ± 8.9 | <0.001 |
| African-American, % | 69.5 | 61.0 | 53.2 | 0.002 | 63.6 | 65.0 | 48.6 | <0.001 |
| Married, % | 51.3 | 55.0 | 52.3 | 0.413 | 39.1 | 41.6 | 44.6 | 0.403 |
| Education, % | ||||||||
| <HS | 7.1 | 5.9 | 9.7 | 0.001 | 5.4 | 4.8 | 6.2 | <0.001 |
| HS | 62.8 | 58.3 | 49.8 | 62.4 | 59.1 | 43.9 | ||
| >HS | 24.8 | 27.3 | 38.0 | 26.3 | 29.9 | 43.3 | ||
| Missing | 5.3 | 8.5 | 2.5 | 6.0 | 6.2 | 6.5 | ||
| PIR <125%, % | 50.9 | 44.3 | 38.0 | 0.020 | 60.0 | 49.5 | 40.8 | <0.001 |
| Current smoking status, % | ||||||||
| Currently smoking | 62.4 | 50.6 | 40.1 | <0.0001 | 53.4 | 36.1 | 27.1 | <0.001 |
| Missing | 10.2 | 5.2 | 6.3 | 9.0 | 8.9 | 7.8 | ||
| Ever used illicit drugs, % | ||||||||
| Used any type | 68.1 | 69.0 | 68.3 | 0.209 | 57.9 | 50.2 | 50.2 | 0.124 |
| Missing | 8.4 | 3.7 | 5.1 | 7.2 | 6.9 | 5.6 | ||
| BMI, kg⋅m−2 | 27.1 ± 6.1 | 28.6 ± 6.6 | 28.1 ± 6.0 | 0.0307 | 32.3 ± 9.1 | 31.9 ± 10.1 | 30.2 ± 8.1 | 0.007 |
| CES-D score | 11.5 ± 7.5 | 10.7 ± 7.0 | 9.7 ± 7.1 | 0.0212 | 13.8 ± 8.4 | 12.0 ± 9.0 | 10.8 ± 8.2 | <0.001 |
| CES-D score ≥16, % | 23.9 | 22.1 | 17.7 | 0.242 | 40.6 | 28.2 | 26.8 | <0.001 |
| Plasma folate,4μg/L | 7.9 ± 2.0 | 13.3 ± 1.6 | 22.3 ± 6.7 | <0.0001 | 7.8 ± 1.9 | 13.3 ± 1.6 | 22.1 ± 4.2 | <0.001 |
| Dietary folate, μg/d | ||||||||
| Total | 336.3 ± 194.7 | 406.5 ± 294.5 | 480.1 ± 316.1 | <0.0001 | 270.6 ± 182.1 | 295.4 ± 162.4 | 381.3 ± 237.8 | <0.001 |
| Food | 178.9 ± 95.0 | 204.1 ± 115.9 | 225.1 ± 131.9 | <0.0001 | 149.7 ± 111.4 | 166.9 ± 113.4 | 190.1 ± 121.5 | <0.001 |
| HEI components5 | ||||||||
| HEI1:total fruit (includes 100% juice) | 1.7 ± 1.6 | 2.0 ± 1.6 | 2.1 ± 1.6 | 0.0182 | 1.8 ± 1.5 | 2.2 ± 1.7 | 2.7 ± 1.7 | <0.001 |
| HEI2:whole fruit (not juice) | 1.8 ± 1.7 | 2.1 ± 1.7 | 2.3 ± 1.8 | 0.0048 | 2.0 ± 1.7 | 2.4 ± 1.8 | 3.1 ± 1.9 | <0.001 |
| HEI3:total vegetables | 2.4 ± 1.2 | 2.5 ± 1.2 | 2.7 ± 1.3 | 0.0157 | 2.8 ± 1.3 | 2.8 ± 1.4 | 3.0 ± 1.4 | 0.073 |
| HEI4:dark green and orange vegetables and legumes | 0.8 ± 1.0 | 1.1 ± 1.3 | 1.1 ± 1.4 | 0.0157 | 1.1 ± 1.5 | 1.3 ± 1.5 | 1.6 ± 1.6 | 0.002 |
| HEI5:total grains | 3.8 ± 1.1 | 4.1 ± 1.0 | 4.2 ± 0.9 | <0.0001 | 3.9 ± 1.1 | 4.1 ± 1.0 | 4.2 ± 1.0 | <0.001 |
| HEI6:whole grains | 0.8 ± 0.8 | 1.0 ± 1.1 | 1.4 ± 1.3 | <0.0001 | 0.9 ± 1.1 | 1.3 ± 1.3 | 1.6 ± 1.4 | <0.001 |
| HEI7:dairy | 3.3 ± 2.4 | 3.7 ± 2.6 | 4.5 ± 2.7 | <0.0001 | 3.2 ± 2.3 | 3.9 ± 2.8 | 4.5 ± 3.1 | <0.001 |
| HEI8:meat and beans | 9.2 ± 1.5 | 9.1 ± 1.9 | 8.9 ± 1.9 | 0.1170 | 9.0 ± 1.8 | 9.0 ± 1.9 | 8.7 ± 2.1 | 0.077 |
| HEI9:oils | 5.3 ± 3.0 | 5.6 ± 3.1 | 5.7 ± 2.9 | 0.2897 | 5.7 ± 2.9 | 6.1 ± 3.1 | 6.2 ± 3.1 | 0.092 |
| HEI10:saturated fat | 5.1 ± 3.2 | 5.4 ± 3.2 | 5.0 ± 3.2 | 0.3659 | 5.2 ± 3.3 | 5.4 ± 3.2 | 5.4 ± 3.2 | 0.580 |
| HEI11:sodium | 4.4 ± 2.9 | 3.9 ± 2.6 | 3.6 ± 2.6 | 0.0046 | 4.2 ± 2.9 | 3.8 ± 2.9 | 4.0 ± 2.7 | 0.370 |
| HEI12:energy from solid fat, alcohol, and added sugar | 5.6 ± 5.5 | 7.2 ± 5.8 | 8.6 ± 6.0 | <0.0001 | 6.3 ± 5.5 | 8.0 ± 6.2 | 9.5 ± 6.3 | 0.036 |
| HEItotal | 44.2 ± 10.4 | 47.6 ± 11.0 | 50.2 ± 11.9 | <0.0001 | 46.1 ± 10.8 | 50.5 ± 12.1 | 54.6 ± 13.4 | <0.001 |
1
Values are mean ± SD or percent.
2
T, Tertile.
3
P-value was based on 1-way ANOVA test when row variable was continuous and χ2 test when row variable was categorical.
4
1 ng/mL folate = 2.266 nmol/L.
5
Note that total HEI score may range between 0 and 100, whereas each component may range between 0 and 5, 0 and 10, or 0 and 20 depending on the component in question. A higher score indicated better dietary quality given the 2005 dietary guidelines (63).