TABLE 3.
Incidence rate ratios (IRRs) and 95% CIs for the association of restaurant food intake with the risk of type 2 diabetes1
| IRR (95% CI) |
||||
| Type of food and frequency of intake | Diabetes cases | Model 12 | Model 23 | Model 34 |
| Burgers | ||||
| Never | 320 | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| 1–4 times/y | 752 | 1.31 (1.15, 1.49) | 1.33 (1.17, 1.52) | 1.23 (1.07, 1.40) |
| 5–11 times/y | 587 | 1.40 (1.22, 1.61) | 1.41 (1.22, 1.62) | 1.27 (1.10, 1.46) |
| 1–3 times/mo | 656 | 1.49 (1.30, 1.70) | 1.45 (1.26, 1.67) | 1.26 (1.10, 1.46) |
| 1 time/wk | 321 | 1.60 (1.36, 1.87) | 1.50 (1.28, 1.77) | 1.28 (1.09, 1.52) |
| ≥2 times/wk | 145 | 1.58 (1.29, 1.94) | 1.40 (1.14, 1.73) | 1.15 (0.93, 1.42) |
| P for trend5 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.05 | |
| Fried chicken | ||||
| Never | 202 | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| 1–4 times/y | 807 | 1.22 (1.05, 1.43) | 1.23 (1.05, 1.45) | 1.11 (0.95, 1.30) |
| 5–11 times/y | 724 | 1.35 (1.16, 1.58) | 1.33 (1.14, 1.56) | 1.14 (0.97, 1.34) |
| 1–3 times/mo | 631 | 1.27 (1.09, 1.50) | 1.23 (1.04, 1.45) | 1.04 (0.88, 1.22) |
| 1 time/wk | 309 | 1.53 (1.28, 1.83) | 1.43 (1.19, 1.72) | 1.16 (0.97, 1.40) |
| ≥2 times/wk | 165 | 1.84 (1.50, 2.27) | 1.68 (1.36, 2.08) | 1.27 (1.02, 1.57) |
| P for trend5 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.23 | |
| Fried fish | ||||
| Never | 482 | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| 1–4 times/y | 879 | 1.05 (0.94, 1.17) | 1.05 (0.94, 1.17) | 1.01 (0.90, 1.13) |
| 5–11 times/y | 558 | 1.14 (1.01, 1.29) | 1.11 (0.98, 1.26) | 1.05 (0.92, 1.18) |
| 1–3 times/mo | 574 | 1.27 (1.13, 1.44) | 1.21 (1.07, 1.37) | 1.15 (1.01, 1.30) |
| 1 time/wk | 244 | 1.26 (1.08, 1.48) | 1.17 (1.00, 1.37) | 1.07 (0.91, 1.25) |
| ≥2 times/wk | 40 | 1.10 (0.79, 1.52) | 0.97 (0.70, 1.35) | 0.89 (0.64, 1.24) |
| P for trend5 | <0.0001 | 0.005 | 0.10 | |
| Chinese | ||||
| Never | 252 | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| 1–4 times/y | 742 | 0.94 (0.81, 1.08) | 0.96 (0.83, 1.10) | 0.93 (0.81, 1.08) |
| 5–11 times/y | 703 | 0.96 (0.83, 1.11) | 0.97 (0.84, 1.13) | 0.94 (0.82, 1.09) |
| 1–3 times/mo | 743 | 1.07 (0.92, 1.24) | 1.06 (0.91, 1.22) | 1.00 (0.86, 1.15) |
| 1 time/wk | 271 | 1.18 (0.99, 1.41) | 1.14 (0.95, 1.36) | 1.02 (0.86, 1.22) |
| ≥2 times/wk | 92 | 1.37 (1.07, 1.74) | 1.29 (1.01, 1.65) | 1.19 (0.94, 1.52) |
| P for trend5 | <0.0001 | 0.005 | 0.12 | |
| Pizza | ||||
| Never | 245 | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| 1–4 times/y | 1037 | 1.11 (0.97, 1.28) | 1.12 (0.97, 1.29) | 1.08 (0.94, 1.24) |
| 5–11 times/y | 632 | 1.00 (0.86, 1.16) | 0.98 (0.84, 1.14) | 0.97 (0.83, 1.13) |
| 1–3 times/mo | 643 | 1.03 (0.89, 1.21) | 0.98 (0.84, 1.14) | 0.95 (0.81, 1.11) |
| 1 time/wk | 202 | 1.02 (0.84, 1.24) | 0.93 (0.76, 1.13) | 0.92 (0.76, 1.12) |
| ≥2 times/wk | 29 | 0.90 (0.61, 1.32) | 0.76 (0.51, 1.12) | 0.76 (0.51, 1.13) |
| P for trend5 | 0.29 | 0.01 | 0.01 | |
| Mexican | ||||
| Never | 1191 | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| 1–4 times/y | 829 | 0.94 (0.86, 1.03) | 0.96 (0.88, 1.05) | 0.98 (0.89, 1.07) |
| 5–11 times/y | 334 | 0.93 (0.82, 1.05) | 0.95 (0.84, 1.08) | 0.96 (0.85, 1.08) |
| 1–3 times/mo | 284 | 0.93 (0.82, 1.06) | 0.94 (0.82, 1.07) | 0.96 (0.84, 1.09) |
| 1 time/wk | 89 | 1.09 (0.88, 1.36) | 1.06 (0.85, 1.32) | 1.05 (0.84, 1.31) |
| ≥2 times/wk | 22 | 1.06 (0.69, 1.61) | 0.98 (0.64, 1.51) | 1.01 (0.66, 1.55) |
| P for trend5 | 0.65 | 0.55 | 0.68 | |
1
IRRs were derived by using proportional hazards models.
2
Adjusted for age, time period, education, family history of diabetes, television watching, vigorous activity, and smoking.
3
Adjusted for variables in model 1 plus smoking, coffee consumption, glycemic index of diet, and intake of cereal fiber, alcohol, sugar-sweetened soda, calcium, vitamin D, and energy.
4
Adjusted for variables in model 2 plus BMI.
5
Derived by using Wald chi-square tests.