TABLE 3.

Adjusted odds of chronic noncancer pain (CNCP) from regression model

Variable		Point OR of CNCP	95% CI
Demographic factors
Age, years	15–24	Reference
	25–34	1.32	1.19–1.47
	35–44	1.57	1.42–1.75
	45–54	1.83	1.64–2.04
	55–64	2.14	1.91–2.39
	65–74	1.99	1.77–2.25
	≥75	2.30	2.02–2.61
Female sex (versus male)		0.92	0.87–0.97
Civil status – married (versus all others)		1.08	1.02–1.14
Annual household income (for three-person households)	$10,000–$19,999	1.25	1.15–1.35
	$20,000–$39,999	1.12	1.06–1.18
	>$80,000	Reference
Highest education – less than high school (versus all others)		1.31	1.24–1.39
White race		0.81	0.74–0.88
Medical factors
Arthritis		3.64	3.43–3.87
Back problems		3.58	3.39–3.78
Other chronic medical condition		2.26	2.09–2.45
Bowel disorder		2.15	1.87–2.47
Migraines		1.97	1.84–2.12
Epilepsy		1.64	1.29–2.09
COPD		1.56	1.40–1.74
Heart disease		1.47	1.33–1.62
Stroke		1.39	1.15–1.67
Ulcers		1.32	1.18–1.48
Diabetes		1.30	1.17–1.45
Sinusitis		1.27	1.16–1.39
Hypertension		1.16	1.08–1.25
Thyroid disorder		1.12	1.01–1.24
Mental health factors
Depression		1.59	1.46–1.74
No distress		Reference
CIDI distress score = 1		1.12	1.03–1.23
CIDI distress score = 2		1.37	1.42–1.70
CIDI distress score = 3		1.56	1.42–1.70
CIDI distress score = 4		1.61	1.46–1.77
CIDI distress score ≥5		2.81	2.63–3.01
Lifestyle factors
Alcohol abstainer		1.19	1.11–1.27
Cigarette smoking – never		Reference
Cigarette smoking – occasional		0.90	0.82–0.99
Cigarette smoking – daily		1.12	1.07–1.19
Physical inactivity		1.80	1.69–1.93
Had an activity-limiting injury in past 12 months		1.50	1.40–1.61
Spirituality/faith important		0.93	0.88–0.98

CIDI Composite International Diagnostic Interview; COPD Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease