Table 3.
Symptoms and diagnoses of depression and PTSD among Haitian immigrant students
| Symptom | n (%) |
|---|---|
|
Depression (Children's Depression Inventory n = 165)* |
|
| I have to push myself all the time/many times to do my schoolwork | 65 (39.4%) |
| My schoolwork is not as good as before/I do very badly in subjects I used to be good in | 36 (21.8%) |
| I feel alone many times/all the time | 33 (20%) |
| I never have fun at school or fun only once in a while | 26 (15.8%) |
| I have some friends but wish I had more/I do not have any friends | 26 (15.8%) |
| Things bother me all the time/many times | 25 (15.2%) |
| Sad many times or all the time | 25 (15.2%) |
| I feel like crying many days/every day | 19 (11.6%) |
|
(Youth Self-Report n = 168)** (selected items reporting somewhat or very true) |
|
| I feel that I have to be perfect | 101 (60.5%) |
| Lonely | 70 (41.7%) |
| I am nervous or tense | 24 (14.5%) |
| I am too fearful or anxious | 20 (12.0%) |
| Depression (diagnosis; n = 164) | 23 (14.0%) |
| Post-traumatic stress disorder (n = 168)** | (% reported 'a little' or more unless otherwise specified) |
| Event something that would upset or bother most children a lot | 80 (47.6%) |
| Is it as easy to pay attention as before the event? (% reporting 'no') | 78 (46.4%) |
| Do you feel more alone inside, or more alone with your feelings? | 69 (41.1%) |
| Do thoughts of event come back to you even when you don't want them to? | 65 (38.7%) |
| When something reminds you, or makes you think about the event, do you get tense or upset? | 64 (38.1%) |
| Do you get scared, afraid or upset when you think about event? | 63 (37.5%) |
| Do things sometimes make you think it might happen again? | 54 (32.1%) |
| Do you feel irritable or have outbursts of anger? | 53 (31.5%) |
| Do you go over in your mind what happened? | 51 (30.4%) |
| Do you have good or bad dreams of event or other bad dreams? | 50 (29.8%) |
| Do you feel as good about things you liked to do before the event? (% reporting 'no') | 50 (29.8%) |
| Have you felt so scared, upset, or sad that you couldn't even talk or cry? | 49 (29.2%) |
| Do you want to stay away from things that make you remember what happened to you? | 46 (27.4%) |
| Do you startle more easily or feel more jumpy or nervous than before the event? | 43 (25.6%) |
| Do you avoid thoughts or feelings associated with the traumatic or hurtful events? | 40 (23.8%) |
| Do you feel on guard or extremely aware of what is going on around you? | 38 (22.6%) |
| Do you have recurrent dreams of hurtful or traumatic events? | 36 (21.4%) |
| Do you feel so scared, upset, or sad that you don't really want to know how you feel? | 34 (20.2%) |
| Do you ever feel as if the hurtful or traumatic events were happening all over again? | 28 (16.7%) |
| Do you have more stomach aches, headaches, or other sick feelings since the event than before? | 28 (16.7%) |
| Do thoughts or feelings about what happened get in the way of remembering things? | 21 (12.5%) |
| PTSD (diagnosis; n = 164) | 19 (11.6%) |
| Depression and PTSD (comorbidity; n = 164) | 13 (7.9%) |
*Percent may not reflect denominator of 165 for some characteristics due to missing data.
**Percent may not reflect denominator of 168 for some characteristics due to missing data.