Table 1.

Smad4-deficient mouse models that recapitulate human tumorigenesis

Tumor type	Smad4-deficient cells	Phenotypic cells	With combined mutations
Smad4 complete knockout mice
Tumors throughout the gastrointestinal tract	All type of cells	Gastrointestinal epithelial cells	Alone 51, 53 or with Apc+/-50, 64, 65, elf+/-58-60
Tissue-specific Smad4 conditional knockout mice
Tumors throughout the gastrointestinal tract	T cells	Gastrointestinal epithelial cells	Alone 107
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas	Pancreatic progenitor cells	Pancreatic ductal epithelial cells	With KrasG12D29, 31, 32 or KrasG12D;Ink4a/ArfCo/Co29
Skin squamous cell carcinomas	Keratinocytes	Keratinocytes	Alone 79, 80 or with PtenCo/Co80
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma	Oral epithelial cells	Oral epithelial cells	Alone 82
Esophagus and forestomach Squamous Cell Carcinoma	Esophageal and forestomach epithelial cells	Esophageal and forestomach epithelial cells	Alone or with PtenCo/Co81
Cholangiocellular carcinoma	Hepatocytes and bile duct epithelial cells	Bile duct epithelial cells	With PtenCo/Co101
Breast squamous cell carcinoma	Mammary epithelial cells	Mammary epithelial cells	Alone 102
Keratocystic odontogenic tumors	Odontoblasts or HERS cells	Odontoblasts/HERS cells or HERS cells	Alone 108