Table 1.

Classification of proteinuria and main causes.

Type	Category	Specific diagnosis
Glomerular	Primary glomerulonephritis	Minimal-change disease Membranous glomerulonephritis Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis IgA nephropathy
	Glomerular injury secondary to systemic disorder	Diabetes mellitus
		Systemic lupus erythematosus Amyloidosis Infection (e.g., HIV, hepatitis B and C, streptococcus, syphilis, malaria and endocarditis) Lymphoma Hypertensive nephrosclerosis
	Drug-induced injury	Heroin Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs Gold components Antibiotics Lithium Heavy metals
Tubular	Tubulointerstitial disease	Uric acid nephropathy Interstitial nephritis Fanconi syndrome Sickle cell disease
	Drug-induced	Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs Antibiotics Heavy metals
Overflow		Hemoglobinuria, Myoglobinuria Multiple myeloma Amyloidosis Leukemia Myelodysplastic syndromes
Tissue proteinuria		Acute inflammation of urinary tract
		Uroepithelial tumors
Renal allograft		Cell-mediated rejection Antibody-mediated rejection