Table 2.

Current Biomechanical Assessments for Dental Implant Osseointegration

Methodology	Destructive	Clinical use	Property Investigated	Parameters	Reference
Tensional test	Yes	No	Lateral resistance	Maximal lateral load	(Brånemark et al., 1998, Kitsugi et al., 1996)
Push-out/Pull-out	Yes	No	Interfacial shear	Maximal force Interfacial stiffness	(Berzins et al., 1997, Brunski et al., 2000)
Removal Torque	Yes	No	Interfacial shear	Loosening torque Torque load	(Johansson et al., 1998, Meredith et al., 1997)
Cutting Resistance/Insertional Torque	No	Yes	Interfacial shear	Peak insertional torque Torque load	(Friberg et al., 1995, O’Sullivan et al., 2000)
Periotest	No	Yes	Damping	Periostest value (PTV)	(Aparicio et al., 2006, Schulte and Lukas, 1993)
Resonance Frequency Analysis	No	Yes	Vibration/Damping	Implant stability quotient (ISQ)	(Friberg et al., 1999, Meredith et al., 1997, Turkyilmaz et al., 2009)