Table 2.

Molecular dates estimated for the TMRCA and founder of Malagasy haplogroups M23, M23a and M23b from coding region information.

	Coding Region nt577-nt16022								Synonymous Mutations
Haplogroup	n	ρ	σ	Mutation rate	TMRCA	95% CI	Founder age	95% CI	ρ	σ	Mutation rate	TMRCA	95% CI	Founder age	95% CI
M23	5	1.8	0.6	(1)	9,300	3,200-15,300	65,800	49,700-81,900	1.2	0.49	(2)	8,100	1,600-14,600	62,200	44,200-80,200
									1.2	0.49	(3)	9,400	1,900-17,000	72,500	51,500-93,500
M23a	1	2	1.41	(1)	10,300	0-24,400			1	1	(2)	6,800	0-20,000
									1	1	(3)	7,600	0-23,300
M23b	4	0.75	0.43	(1)	3,900	0-8,200			0.25	0.25	(2)	1,700	0-5,000
									0.25	0.25	(3)	2,000	0-5,800

Mutation rate references: (1) One substitution per 5,139 years [56]; (2) One synonymous transition per 6,764 years [36]; (3) One synonymous mutation (transition or transversion) per 7,884 years [35]. Founder Age: ρ = 12,8; σ = 1.6 with the Mishmar and colleagues approach [56], and ρ = 9.2; σ = 1.36 with the Kivisild and colleagues [36] and Soares and colleagues [35] approaches. TMRCA, 95% confidence intervals (CI), and founder age are given in years.