Table 2.
Characteristics of pregnant women according to quartiles of fruit and vegetable intake (N = 1034), 1996-2002
| 1stQuartile (n = 259) No. (%) |
2ndQuartile (n = 259) No. (%) |
3rdQuartile (n = 258) No. (%) |
4thQuartile (n = 258) No. (%) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | ||||
| 13-19 | 25 (9.6) | 18 (6.9) | 22 (8.5) | 21 (8.1) |
| 20-29 | 140 (54.1) | 125 (48.3) | 106 (41.1) | 114 (44.2) |
| 30-45 | 94 (36.3) | 116 (44.8) | 130 (50.4) | 123 (47.7) |
| Race | ||||
| White | 194 (74.9) | 178 (68.7) | 160 (62.0) | 132 (51.2) |
| Non-White | 65 (25.1) | 81 (31.3) | 98 (38.0) | 126 (48.8) |
| Body mass index (kg/m 2) | ||||
| <18.5 | 16 (6.2) | 10 (3.9) | 11 (4.3) | 10 (3.9) |
| 18.5-24.9 | 149 (57.5) | 154 (59.5) | 166 (64.3) | 164 (63.6) |
| 25.0-29.9 | 50 (19.3) | 55 (21.2) | 46 (17.8) | 50 (19.4) |
| 30+ | 37 (14.3) | 34 (13.1) | 25 (9.7) | 25 (9.7) |
| Unknown | 7 (2.7) | 6 (2.3) | 10 (3.9) | 9 (3.5) |
| Employment* | ||||
| Yes | 172 (66.4) | 179 (69.4) | 167 (64.7) | 156 (60.5) |
| No | 87 (33.6) | 79 (30.6) | 91 (35.3) | 102 (39.5) |
| Marital status * | ||||
| Married | 179 (69.1) | 190 (73.6) | 200 (77.5) | 181 (70.2) |
| Single with partner | 42 (16.2) | 40 (15.5) | 37 (14.3) | 53 (20.5) |
| Single | 38 (14.7) | 28 (10.9) | 21 (8.1) | 24 (9.3) |
| Education (years) | ||||
| ≤12 | 114 (44.0) | 87 (33.6) | 97 (37.6) | 114 (44.2) |
| 13-15 | 71 (27.4) | 53 (20.5) | 65 (25.2) | 51 (19.8) |
| ≥16 | 74 (28.6) | 119 (45.9) | 96 (37.2) | 93 (36.0) |
| Family income* ($) | ||||
| ≤25,000 | 77 (29.7) | 48 (18.5) | 60 (23.4) | 74 (28.7) |
| 25,001-65,000 | 102 (39.4) | 106 (40.9) | 94 (36.6) | 74 (28.7) |
| >65,000 | 62 (23.9) | 86 (33.2) | 78 (30.4) | 79 (30.6) |
| Unknown | 18 (7.0) | 19 (7.3) | 25 (9.7) | 31 (12.0) |
| Number of children† | ||||
| 0 | 143 (55.2) | 142 (54.8) | 139 (53.9) | 141 (54.6) |
| 1 | 93 (35.9) | 95 (36.7) | 92 (35.7) | 92 (35.7) |
| ≥2 | 23 (8.9) | 22 (8.5) | 27 (10.5) | 25 (9.7) |
| Planned pregnancy * | ||||
| Yes | 131 (50.6) | 143 (55.4) | 140 (54.3) | 148 (57.4) |
| No | 128 (49.4) | 115 (44.6) | 118 (45.7) | 110 (42.6) |
| Birth outcome | ||||
| Non-malformed infants | 192 (74.1) | 205 (79.2) | 185 (71.7) | 198 (76.7) |
| Malformed infants | 67 (25.9) | 54 (20.8) | 73 (28.3) | 60 (23.3) |
| Multivitamin intake | ||||
| Never use | 24 (9.3) | 18 (7.0) | 16 (6.2) | 29 (11.2) |
| 1-2 months use | 35 (13.5) | 26 (10.0) | 23 (8.9) | 29 (11.2) |
| ≥ 3 months use | 200 (77.2) | 215 (83.0) | 219 (84.9) | 200 (77.5) |
| Daily calorie (kJ)‡ | ||||
| 2510-6276 | 161 (62.2) | 101 (39.0) | 71 (27.5) | 28 (10.9) |
| 6277-10460 | 92 (35.5) | 141 (54.4) | 151 (58.5) | 160 (62.0) |
| 10461-14644 | 6 (2.3) | 17 (6.6) | 36 (14.0) | 70 (27.1) |
| Smoking | ||||
| Never | 158 (61.0) | 185 (71.4) | 203 (78.7) | 200 (77.5) |
| Ever | 30 (11.6) | 36 (13.9) | 23 (8.9) | 27 (10.5) |
| Current | 71 (27.4) | 38 (14.7) | 32 (12.4) | 31 (12.0) |
| Drinking | ||||
| Never | 101 (39.0) | 95 (36.7) | 111 (43.0) | 135 (52.3) |
| Ever | 34 (13.1) | 31 (12.0) | 32 (12.4) | 33 (12.8) |
| Current | 124 (47.9) | 133 (51.4) | 115 (44.6) | 90 (34.9) |
| Season§ | ||||
| Mar-May | 67 (25.9) | 52 (20.1) | 60 (23.3) | 64 (24.8) |
| Jun -Aug | 61 (23.6) | 72 (27.8) | 57 (22.1) | 66 (25.6) |
| Sep-Nov | 71 (27.4) | 65 (25.1) | 74 (28.7) | 69 (26.7) |
| Dec-Feb | 60 (23.2) | 70 (27.0) | 67 (26.0) | 59 (22.9) |
*
One missing value
†
Children aged≤5 years
‡
Corresponding to 600-1500, 1501-2500, 2501-3500 kcal
§
At the last menstrual period