Table 2.

HLM Coefficients and Variance Estimates of Intercept, Linear, and Quadratic Equations Predicting NEO-PI-R Factors and Facets from Age in Decades

	σ2 Residual
	Within-
	Subject	Intercept				Linear		Quadratic
NEO-PI-R scale	Variance	γ00: M	γ01: Gender	γ02: Cohort	u0: Variance	γ10: M	u1: Variance	γ20: M	u2: Variance
N: Neuroticism	12.45	40.8 (.67)**	3.43 (.40)**	−0.75 (.22)**	70.42**	−0.795 (.19)**	7.88**	.338 (.05)**	.37*
E: Extraversion	9.55	47.1 (.67)**	1.57 (.42)**		81.07**	−1.489 (.10)**	6.45*	−.271 (.05)**	.32
O: Openness	12.92	47.7 (.70)**	3.39 (.45)**		82.27**	−1.047 (.11)**	2.48**
A: Agreeableness	12.47	41.8 (.64)**	6.28 (.40)**		72.68**	1.122 (.11)**	5.75**	−.115 (.05)*	.29*
C: Conscientiousness	13.04	51.6 (.31)**		1.13 (.23)**	96.16**	0.145 (.19)	7.10*	−.362 (.05)**	.44*
N1: Anxiety	20.14	42.2 (.67)**	2.91 (.41)**	−0.76 (.24)**	67.83**	−0.648 (.21)**a	6.01*	.321 (.05)**	.23
N2: Angry Hostility	21.03	46.7 (.29)**		−0.99 (.24)**	66.36**	−1.186 (.22)**	5.74**	.268 (.05)**	.31*
N3: Depression	21.17	42.8 (.65)**	1.72 (.39)**	−1.39 (.24)**	56.79**	−0.804 (.22)**	7.00*	.507 (.05)**	.26
N4: Self-Consciousness	23.45	44.8 (.67)**	1.35 (.40)**	−0.84 (.25)**	67.45**	−0.566 (.23)*	6.42	.299 (.05)**	.41
N5: Impulsiveness	25.76	48.3 (.20)**			52.91**	−0.975 (.11)**	2.27**
N6: Vulnerability	21.03	41.9 (.67)**	2.63 (.40)**	−1.69 (.25)**	68.00**	−0.271 (.22)	7.21	.530 (.05)**	.45
E1: Warmth	20.43	46.4 (.66)**	3.21 (.42)**		73.35**	−0.445 (.12)**	5.40	−.307 (.05)**	.24
E2: Gregariousness	18.21	49.0 (.71)**	1.46 (.45)**		85.91**	−0.211 (.12)	7.22	−.154 (.05)**	.23
E3: Assertiveness	15.78	56.2 (.72)**	−1.41 (.44)**	1.09 (.24)**	87.98**	−0.107 (.20)	6.20	−.335 (.05)**	.35
E4: Activity	20.10	49.4 (.68)**	1.29 (.42)**		83.01**	−2.340 (.12)**	5.81	−.378 (.05)**	.38
E5: Excitement-Seeking	16.93	52.7 (.62)**	−4.08 (.39)**		66.49**	−1.361 (.11)**	5.26	.193 (.05)**	.29
E6: Positive Emotions	21.14	46.0 (.70)**	3.17 (.43)**	1.07 (.25)**	76.98**	−0.876 (.21)**	4.63*	−.302 (.05)**	.23*
O1: Fantasy	22.38	50.9 (.31)**		1.21 (.25)**	78.34**	−0.477 (.22)*	6.26*	.096 (.05)	.36
O2: Aesthetics	16.59	44.9 (.67)**	5.69 (.43)**		73.13**	−0.088 (.11)	2.55**
O3: Feelings	25.14	43.8 (.65)**	4.44 (.41)**		67.14**	−1.430 (.12)*b	5.00**	−.116 (.05)*	.18
O4: Actions	25.48	43.1 (.71)**	5.10 (.44)**		89.17**	−1.520 (.12)**	5.46	−.261 (.05)**	.38
O5: Ideas	18.57	53.8 (.70)**	−1.31 (.44)**	0.72 (.22)**	77.01**	−0.107 (.19)	1.22**
O6: Values	24.19	47.3 (.68)**	1.42 (.43)**	−0.69 (.24)**	70.20**	−1.933 (.21)**	0.57**
A1: Trust	19.04	48.6 (.64)**	2.52 (.38)**	−1.01 (.24)**	62.15**	−0.081 (.21)	7.26	−.233 (.05)**	.47
A2: Straightforwardness	26.21	45.3 (.61)**	3.70 (.39)**		56.60**	0.799 (.10)**	0.74**
A3: Altruism	25.41	45.7 (.67)**	3.86 (.40)**	1.01 (.25)**	61.71**	0.454 (.23)*	4.36	−.276 (.05)**	.18
A4: Compliance	25.30	45.3 (.66)**	4.05 (.42)**		69.70**	1.324 (.11)	0.28**
A5: Modesty	22.77	42.8 (.65)**	3.31 (.42)**		66.47**	0.194 (.11)b	1.38**
A6: Tender-Mindedness	29.11	45.0 (.69)**	4.14 (.41)**	0.78 (.27)**	68.23**	0.621 (.25)*	6.35	−.173 (.06)**	.39
C1: Competence	28.21	55.1 (.31)**		2.30 (.27)**	68.37**	0.503 (.24)*	6.36	−.577 (.06)**	.37
C2: Order	20.82	48.6 (.28)**			85.45**	−0.362 (.12)**	6.79**	−.184 (.06)**	.39*
C3: Dutifulness	24.01	52.1 (.24)**			58.01**	0.239 (.11)*a	5.23	−.347 (.05)**	.38
C4: Achievement Striving	22.15	51.2 (.32)**		0.74 (.26)**	86.83**	−0.125 (.23)	8.83	−.177 (.06)	.44
C5: Self-Discipline	21.51	49.0 (.28)**			89.79**	−0.799 (.13)**	11.35	−.471 (.06)**	.73
C6: Deliberation	20.78	53.6 (.30)**		1.91 (.25)**	70.77**	1.697 (.23)**	8.85	−.219 (.06)**	.56

Note. N = 1,944. Standard errors are shown in parenthesis. Significance of coefficients is tested by t ratio (coefficients/Standard error). Significance of variance terms is tested with chi-square. Coefficients are applied to (Age – Mean Age) in decades. Gender: 1 = Male, 2 = Female. Cohort is year of birth centered around the grand mean (1938).

^aSignificant cohort effect on linear change.

^bSignificant gender effect on linear change.

^*p < .05

^**p < .01.