Table 1.
Sample profile
| All respondents | Type 1 diabetes | Type 2 diabetes | |
|---|---|---|---|
| N | 502 | 114 | 388 |
| Sex | |||
| M | 55 | 41% | 59% |
| F | 45 | 59% | 41% |
| Race/ethnicity | |||
| White | 73 | 70% | 74% |
| Hispanic | 11 | 19% | 9% |
| African American | 11 | 8% | 12% |
| Other | 5 | 3 | 5 |
| Current age (years) | 54.9 ± 13.9 | 46.9 ± 15.6 | 57.5 ± 12.2 |
| Education | |||
| No college | 49 | 24 | 44 |
| Some college | 28 | 38 | 26 |
| College graduate | 14 | 17 | 13 |
| Graduate school | 9 | 21 | 17 |
| Employment | |||
| Full-time employment | 28 | 33 | 27 |
| Part-time employment | 10 | 16 | 8 |
| Not employed (student) | 8 | 14 | 7 |
| Not employed (disabled) | 8 | 2 | 10 |
| Other | 46 | 35 | 48 |
| Household income ($) | |||
| <15,000 | 23 | 23 | 23 |
| 15,000–24,999 | 11 | 5 | 12 |
| 25,000–34,999 | 10 | 10 | 10 |
| 35,000–49,999 | 13 | 11 | 14 |
| 50,000–74,999 | 16 | 12 | 17 |
| ≥75,000 | 13 | 25 | 10 |
| No answer | 14 | 14 | 14 |
| History of depression | 32 | 30 | 33 |
| History of cardiovascular disease | 71 | 58 | 75 |
| History of obesity | 36 | 20 | 41 |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 14.8 ± 10.2 | 21.4 ± 13.0 | 12.8 ± 8.3 |
| Diabetes care provider | |||
| Primary care physician | 61 | 46 | 66 |
| Endocrinologist | 28 | 48 | 22 |
| Nonphysician | 11 | 6 | 12 |
| Engage in physical activity | 39 | 55 | 34 |
| Follow healthy diet | 55 | 65 | 52 |
| Insulin injection device | |||
| Pen | 30 | 33 | 29 |
| Syringe | 70 | 67 | 71 |
| Change needle each use | 56 | 50 | 58 |
| Daily injection frequency | 2.7 ± 1.4 | 3.5 ± 1.3 | 2.5 ± 1.3 |
| Plan daily activities around insulin injections | 22 | 32 | 19 |
| Interference with eating and exercise* | 1.7 ± 0.8 | 1.9 ± 0.8 | 1.6 ± 0.8 |
| Interference with activity of daily living* | 0.5 ± 1.0 | 0.7 ± 1.3 | 0.5 ± 1.0 |
| Dissatisfaction with time needed for injection† | 2.0 ± 0.9 | 1.9 ± 0.9 | 2.1 ± 0.9 |
| Dissatisfaction with injection ease of use† | 2.0 ± 0.9 | 1.9 ± 0.9 | 2.0 ± 0.9 |
| Dissatisfaction with injection pain† | 2.3 ± 0.9 | 2.2 ± 0.9 | 2.3 ± 0.9 |
| Dissatisfaction with injection inflammation/bruising† | 2.4 ± 1.0 | 2.4 ± 0.9 | 2.5 ± 1.0 |
| Dissatisfaction with injection embarrassment† | 2.0 ± 0.9 | 2.1 ± 0.9 | 2.0 ± 0.9 |
| Negative affect toward injections‡ | 1.8 ± 0.9 | 1.6 ± 0.7 | 1.9 ± 0.9 |
| Worry about hypoglycemia* | 2.7 ± 0.9 | 2.8 ± 1.0 | 2.7 ± 0.9 |
| Skip insulin injections§ | 1.8 ± 0.8 | 1.7 ± 0.7 | 1.8 ± 0.8 |
Data are % or means ± SD, unless otherwise stated.
*1 = not at all, 2 = a little, 3 = a moderate amount, 4 = a great deal.
†1 = very satisfied, 2 = satisfied, 3 = somewhat satisfied, 4 = not at all satisfied.
‡1 = strongly disagree, 2 = somewhat disagree, 3 = somewhat agree, 4 = strongly agree.
§1 = never, 2 = rarely, 3 = sometimes, 4 = often.