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rTMS activates brain regions controlling circadian rhythms. Induction of c-fos mRNA expression after rTMS can be detected not only in the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVT) but also in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN). Background levels of c-fos mRNA expression in corresponding unstimulated regions are depicted on the left. (Scale bars = 0.5 mm in Top and 0.1 mm in Middle and Bottom.)
