Table 2.
Summary of organ masses within three different computational phantoms of 15-year-old male: (1) UF hybrid-NURBS, (2) UF hybrid-voxel, and (3) UF hybrid-voxel (CT). These masses are then compared to ICRP Publication 89 reference masses by organ, organ system, and for total body tissues (exclusive of walled-organ content) and total body mass (inclusive of walled-organ content).
| Organ system | Density (g∕cm3) | Comment (ICRU 46) | Target volume (cm3) | UFH-NURBS | UFH-voxel | UFH-voxel (CT) | ICRP 89 Mass (g) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mass (g) | % diff | Mass (g) | % diff | Mass (g) | % diff | |||||
| Respiratory system | ||||||||||
| ET1 (anterior nasal layer) | 1.03 | ICRU-46 ave soft tissue | 0.35 | 0.44 | 0.36 | ND | ||||
| ET2 (posterior nasal layer) | 1.03 | ICRU-46 ave soft tissue | 14.05 | 14.64 | 14.02 | ND | ||||
| ET2 (oral cavity layer) | 1.03 | ICRU-46 ave soft tissue | 5.14 | 4.85 | 4.86 | ND | ||||
| ET2 (larynx) | 1.07 | 50:50 soft tissue∕cartilage | 20.66 | 22.03 | 0.1 | 21.85 | 0.7 | 22.32 | 1.5 | 22 |
| ET2 (pharynx) | 1.03 | ICRU-46 ave soft tissue | 5.79 | 2.86 | 2.81 | ND | ||||
| Trachea | 1.07 | 50:50 soft tissue∕cartilage | 7.04 | 7.49 | −0.1 | 7.49 | −0.1 | 7.77 | 3.6 | 7.5 |
| Bronchi—extrapulmonary | 1.07 | 50:50 soft tissue∕cartilage | 7.99 | 7.84 | 7.80 | ND | ||||
| Lungs (inclusive of blood) | 0.24 | Calculated | 900.00 | 0.0 | 898.23 | −0.2 | 898.11 | −0.2 | 900 | |
| Left lung | 0.24 | Calculated | 407.97 | 407.00 | 406.94 | |||||
| Right lung | 0.24 | Calculated | 492.03 | 491.23 | 491.17 | |||||
| Alimentary system | ||||||||||
| Tongue | 1.05 | Muscle | 53.33 | 55.94 | −0.1 | 55.58 | −0.7 | 55.54 | −0.8 | 56 |
| Salivary glands | 1.03 | ICRU-46 ave soft tissue | 66.02 | 68.02 | 0.0 | 67.91 | −0.1 | 67.17 | −1.2 | 68 |
| Parotid | 1.03 | ICRU-46 ave soft tissue | 38.83 | 40.01 | 0.0 | 39.98 | 0.0 | 39.21 | −2.0 | 40 |
| Submaxillary | 1.03 | ICRU-46 ave soft tissue | 19.42 | 20.01 | 0.1 | 19.95 | −0.3 | 20.07 | 0.4 | 20 |
| Sublingual | 1.03 | ICRU-46 ave soft tissue | 7.77 | 7.99 | −0.1 | 7.98 | −0.3 | 7.89 | −1.4 | 8 |
| Tonsils | 1.03 | ICRU-46 ave soft tissue | 2.91 | 3.01 | 0.3 | 2.98 | −0.7 | 2.98 | −0.6 | 3 |
| Esophagus—wall | 1.03 | Gastrointestine (adult) | 29.13 | 29.96 | −0.1 | 29.83 | −0.6 | 29.47 | −1.8 | 30 |
| Stomach—wall | 1.03 | Gastrointestine (adult) | 116.50 | 119.71 | −0.2 | 119.51 | −0.4 | 119.11 | −0.7 | 120 |
| Stomach—contents | 1.03 | ICRU-46 ave soft tissue | 194.17 | 200.47 | 0.2 | 199.66 | −0.2 | 199.66 | −0.2 | 200 |
| Small intestine—wall | 1.03 | Gastrointestine (adult) | 504.85 | 522.46 | 0.5 | 516.81 | −0.6 | 516.40 | −0.7 | 520 |
| Small intestine—contents | 0.41 | Calculated | 689.61 | 280.00 | 0.0 | 277.84 | −0.8 | 277.98 | −0.7 | 280 |
| Colon | ||||||||||
| Right—wall | 1.03 | Gastrointestine (adult) | 118.45 | 122.20 | 0.2 | 121.64 | −0.3 | 121.72 | −0.2 | 122 |
| Right—contents | 0.83 | Calculated | 145.41 | 120.00 | 0.0 | 119.64 | −0.3 | 119.53 | −0.4 | 120 |
| Left—wall | 1.03 | Gastrointestine (adult) | 118.45 | 122.09 | 0.1 | 121.69 | −0.3 | 121.74 | −0.2 | 122 |
| Left—contents | 0.34 | calculated | 177.39 | 60.00 | 0.0 | 59.87 | −0.2 | 59.96 | −0.1 | 60 |
| Rectosigmoid—wall | 1.03 | Gastrointestine (adult) | 54.37 | 56.18 | 0.3 | 55.73 | −0.5 | 55.27 | −1.3 | 56 |
| Rectosigmoid—contents | 0.49 | Calculated | 121.62 | 60.00 | 0.0 | 59.83 | −0.3 | 60.00 | 0.0 | 60 |
| Liver | 1.05 | Liver (fetus∕child∕adult) | 1238.10 | 1300.27 | 0.0 | 1297.75 | −0.2 | 1297.81 | −0.2 | 1300 |
| Gall bladder—wall | 1.03 | ICRU-46 ave soft tissue | 7.48 | 7.69 | −0.1 | 7.65 | −0.7 | 7.44 | −3.4 | 8 |
| Gall bladder—contents | 1.03 | ICRU-46 ave soft tissue | 43.69 | 45.00 | 0.0 | 44.96 | −0.1 | 45.08 | 0.2 | 45 |
| Pancreas | 1.03 | ICRU-46 ave soft tissue | 106.80 | 110.00 | 0.0 | 109.82 | −0.2 | 109.72 | −0.3 | 110 |
| Circulatory system | ||||||||||
| Heart—wall | 1.04 | Heart (fetus∕child∕adult) | 221.15 | 230.13 | 0.1 | 228.88 | −0.5 | 229.17 | −0.4 | 230 |
| Heart—content | 1.06 | Blood (newborn∕adult) | 405.66 | 429.88 | 0.0 | 428.83 | −0.3 | 428.58 | −0.3 | 430 |
| Urogenital system | ||||||||||
| Kidneys (cortex and medulla) | 1.04 | Kidney (fetus∕child∕adult) | 240.38 | 249.94 | 0.0 | 249.45 | −0.2 | 249.33 | −0.3 | 250 |
| Cortex | 1.04 | Kidney (fetus∕child∕adult) | 177.12 | 184.12 | 0.0 | 183.69 | −0.3 | 183.60 | −0.3 | 184 |
| Medulla | 1.04 | Kidney (fetus∕child∕adult) | 63.26 | 65.83 | 0.1 | 65.76 | 0.0 | 65.73 | −0.1 | 66 |
| Pelvis | 1.04 | Kidney (fetus∕child∕adult) | 12.65 | 13.18 | 0.1 | 13.15 | −0.1 | 13.20 | 0.3 | 13 |
| Urinary bladder—wall | 1.04 | Bladder (adult-empty) | 38.46 | 39.99 | 0.0 | 39.85 | −0.4 | 39.94 | −0.2 | 40 |
| Urinary bladder—contentsa | 1.01 | Urine of ave density | 152.48 | 153.95 | 0.0 | 153.39 | −0.4 | 153.13 | −0.6 | 154 |
| Penis | 1.05 | Muscle (newborn∕adult) | 28.33 | 28.70 | 23.54 | ND | ||||
| Scrotum | 1.03 | ICRU-46 ave soft tissue | 22.72 | 17.78 | 14.21 | ND | ||||
| Testes (2) | 1.04 | Testes (adult) | 15.38 | 16.01 | 0.0 | 15.90 | −0.6 | 15.87 | −0.8 | 16 |
| Prostate gland | 1.03 | ICRU-46 ave soft tissue | 4.17 | 4.30 | 0.0 | 4.29 | −0.2 | 4.21 | −2.1 | 4.3 |
| Skeletal System | ||||||||||
| Coastal cartilageb | 1.10 | Cartilage (adult) | 87.54 | 79.09 | 78.80 | |||||
| Intervertebral disksb | 1.10 | Cartilage (adult) | 79.49 | 62.90 | 62.45 | |||||
| Bone tissues | 1.36 | Volume-averaged | 4959.23 | 6824.65 | 0.9 | 6790.90 | 0.4 | 6778.78 | 0.2 | 6765 |
| Mineral bone (CB, TB) | 1.80 | Cortical bone (ICRP89 Para 436) | 2250.00 | 4050 | ||||||
| Active marrowc | 1.03 | Red marrow (adult) | 1048.54 | 1080 | ||||||
| Inactive marrow | 0.98 | Yellow marrow (adult) | 1510.20 | 1480 | ||||||
| Miscellaneousd | 1.03 | ICRU-46 ave soft tissue | 150.49 | 155 | ||||||
| Integumentary system | ||||||||||
| Skin | 1.10 | All ages (ICRP89 Para 529) | 1818.18 | ND | 2298.42 | 14.9 | 4050.71 | 102.5 | 2000 | |
| Additional tissues | ||||||||||
| Adrenal glands (2) | 1.03 | ICRU-46 ave soft tissue | 9.71 | 10.00 | 0.0 | 10.02 | 0.2 | 10.02 | 0.2 | 10 |
| Brain | 1.04 | Brain (newborn∕infant∕adult) | 1365.38 | 1422.53 | 0.2 | 1421.52 | 0.1 | 1421.83 | 0.1 | 1420 |
| Breasts (2) | 0.94 | Adipose #2 (NB∕child∕adult) | 15.96 | 15.02 | 0.1 | 14.96 | −0.3 | 14.90 | −0.6 | 15 |
| Ears | 1.10 | Cartilage (adult) | 9.20 | 5.91 | 3.68 | ND | ||||
| External nose | 1.05 | 66:33 soft tissue∕cartilage | 6.07 | 3.76 | 2.74 | ND | ||||
| Eyes (2) | 1.03 | ICRU-46 ave soft tissue | 12.62 | 13.01 | 0.1 | 12.91 | −0.7 | 12.97 | −0.2 | 13 |
| Lens (2) | 1.07 | Eye lens (adult) | 0.49 | 0.52 | 0.48 | ND | ||||
| Pituitary gland | 1.03 | ICRU-46 ave soft tissue | 0.49 | 0.50 | 0.0 | 0.50 | −0.5 | 0.50 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
| Spinal cord | 1.04 | Brain (newborn∕adult) | 70.31 | 47.87 | 48.30 | ND | ||||
| Spleen | 1.06 | Spleen (40 week fetus∕adult) | 122.64 | 130.00 | 0.0 | 129.42 | −0.4 | 129.47 | −0.4 | 130 |
| Teeth | 3.00 | ICRP 89-Para 465 | 15.00 | 44.99 | 0.0 | 44.84 | −0.4 | 45.84 | 1.9 | 45 |
| Thymus | 1.03 | NB∕adult ICRP 89 Para 606 | 34.15 | 34.99 | 0.0 | 34.98 | −0.1 | 35.03 | 0.1 | 35 |
| Thyroid | 1.05 | Thyroid (adult) | 11.43 | 12.02 | 0.2 | 12.00 | 0.0 | 12.00 | 0.0 | 12 |
| Residual soft tissues (RST) | 1.03 | Volume-averaged | 39 188.78 | 39 556.82 | −1.7 | 37 944.82 | −5.7 | 40 224 | ||
| Bone—associated cartilage | 1.10 | Cartilage (adult) | 858.28 | 944 | ||||||
| Separable fat | 0.96 | Adipose # 2 (NB∕child∕adult) | 9895.83 | 9500 | ||||||
| Skeletal muscle | 1.05 | Muscle (newborn∕adult) | 22 857.14 | 24 000 | ||||||
| Separable connective tissues | 1.03 | ICRU-46 ave soft tissue | 1844.66 | 1900 | ||||||
| Fixed lymphatic tissuese | 1.03 | ICRU-46 ave soft tissue | 387.29 | 399 | ||||||
| Blood (large vessels)f | 1.06 | Blood (newborn∕adult) | 1173.74 | 1244 | ||||||
| Miscellaneous RSTg | 1.03 | ICRU-46 ave soft tissue | 2171.84 | 2237 | ||||||
| Totals by organ system | ||||||||||
| Respiratory systemh | 962.84 | 958.20 | 958.07 | 930 | ||||||
| Alimentary system—tissues of organ walls | 2517.53 | 2506.88 | −0.3 | 2504.39 | −0.4 | 2515 | ||||
| Alimentary system—Gl tract and gall bladder content | 765.47 | 761.80 | −0.4 | 762.21 | −0.4 | 765 | ||||
| Circulatory system—heart wall and content | 660.01 | 657.70 | −0.3 | 657.75 | −0.3 | 660 | ||||
| Urogential system—kidneys and urinary bladder wall | 289.93 | 289.30 | −0.2 | 289.26 | −0.3 | 290 | ||||
| Urogential system—renal pelvis and urinary bladder content | 207.11 | 166.54 | −0.4 | 166.33 | −0.5 | 167 | ||||
| Urogenital system—internal sex organs (prostate) | 4.30 | 4.29 | −0.2 | 4.21 | −2.1 | 4 | ||||
| Urogential system—external sex organs (penis, scrotum, and testes)h | 67.06 | 62.38 | 53.62 | ND | ||||||
| Skeletal system—costal cartidge and intervertebral disksh | 167.02 | 141.99 | 141.25 | ND | ||||||
| Skeletal system—bone tissues | 6824.65 | 6790.90 | 0.4 | 6778.78 | 0.2 | 6765 | ||||
| Integumentary system | ND | 2298.42 | 14.9 | 4050.71 | 102.5 | 2000 | ||||
| Additional tissues—excluding residual soft tissueh | 1769.13 | 1739.19 | 1737.77 | 1681 | ||||||
| Additional tissues—residual soft tissue | ND | 39 556.82 | 4.2 | 37 944.82 | −5.7 | 40 224 | ||||
| Total body tissues | 55 006 | −0.3 | 55 121 | −0.1 | 55 068 | |||||
| Total body mass | 55 934 | −0.3 | 56 049 | −0.1 | 56 000 | |||||
a
No reference value is given in ICRP 89 and thus an approximate value is used as defined in the ORNL stylized newborn phantom.
b
Skeletal cartilage excludes the following nonbone associated regions of cartilage: external nose and ears, larynx, trachea, and extrapulmonary bronchi.
c
Assumed to include the 7% of total blood volume as per Sec. 7.7.2 of ICRP 89.
d
As per Sec. 9.2.15 of ICRP 89, miscellaneous skeletal tissues include periosteum and blood vessels, but exclude periarticular tissue and blood.
e
Estimated from the reference adult values given in Sec. 7.8.2 of ICRP Publication 89 and scaled by total body mass.
f
Taken as 25.92% of total blood pool as per Sec. 7.7.2 of ICRP 89 (other tissues, arota, large arteries, large veins).
g
Miscellaneous residual soft tissues are added to force the total body mass to its ICRP 89 reference value.
h
Percent differences are not reported as not all tissues in this organ system are defined in ICRP Publication 89.