Table 3.
Summary of organ masses within three different computational phantoms of 15-year-old female: (1) UF hybrid-NURBS, (2) UF hybrid-voxel, and (3) UF hybrid-voxel (CT). These masses are then compared to ICRP Publication 89 reference masses by organ, organ system, and for total body tissues (exclusive of walled-organ content) and total body mass (inclusive of walled-organ content).
| Organ system | Density (g∕cm3) | Comment (ICRU 46) | Target volume (cm3) | UFH-NURBS | UFH-voxel | UFH-voxel (CT) | ICRP 89 Mass (g) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mass (g) | % diff | Mass (g) | % diff | Mass (g) | % diff | |||||
| Respiratory system | ||||||||||
| ET1 (anterior nasal layer) | 1.02 | ICRU-46 ave soft tissue | 0.30 | 0.29 | ND | |||||
| ET2 (posterior nasal layer) | 1.02 | ICRU-46 ave soft tissue | 6.73 | 6.72 | ND | |||||
| ET2 (oral cavity layer) | 1.02 | ICRU-46 ave soft tissue | 7.61 | 7.38 | ND | |||||
| ET2 (larynx) | 1.07 | 50:50 soft tissue∕cartilage | 14.08 | 14.99 | −0.1 | 14.96 | −0.3 | 14.70 | −2.0 | 15 |
| ET2 (pharynx) | 1.02 | ICRU-46 ave soft tissue | 2.73 | 2.77 | ND | |||||
| Trachea | 1.07 | 50:50 soft tissue∕cartilage | 5.63 | 6.00 | 0.1 | 5.96 | −0.7 | 5.96 | −0.6 | 6 |
| Bronchi—extrapulmonary | 1.07 | 50:50 soft tissue∕cartilage | 6.60 | 6.65 | ND | |||||
| Lungs (inclusive of blood) | 0.24 | Calculated | 750.00 | 0.0 | 747.22 | −0.4 | 747.22 | −0.4 | 750 | |
| Left lung | 0.24 | Calculated | 355.14 | 353.27 | 353.27 | |||||
| Right lung | 0.24 | Calculated | 394.86 | 393.95 | 393.95 | |||||
| Alimentary system | ||||||||||
| Tongue | 1.05 | Muscle | 50.48 | 53.02 | 0.0 | 52.79 | −0.4 | 52.86 | −0.3 | 53 |
| Salivary glands | 1.02 | ICRU-46 ave soft tissue | 63.73 | 65.03 | 0.0 | 64.73 | −0.4 | 64.28 | −1.1 | 65 |
| Parotid | 1.02 | ICRU-46 ave soft tissue | 37.25 | 38.01 | 0.0 | 37.84 | −0.4 | 37.53 | −1.2 | 38 |
| Submaxillary | 1.02 | ICRU-46 ave soft tissue | 18.63 | 19.02 | 0.1 | 18.94 | −0.3 | 18.99 | −0.1 | 19 |
| Sublingual | 1.02 | ICRU-46 ave soft tissue | 7.84 | 8.00 | 0.0 | 7.95 | −0.7 | 7.76 | −3.0 | 8 |
| Tonsils | 1.02 | ICRU-46 ave soft tissue | 2.94 | 3.00 | 0.0 | 3.00 | 0.0 | 2.95 | −1.5 | 3 |
| Esophagus—wall | 1.03 | Gastrointestine (adult) | 29.13 | 30.15 | 0.5 | 29.98 | −0.1 | 29.78 | −0.7 | 30 |
| Stomach—wall | 1.03 | Gastrointestine (adult) | 116.50 | 120.07 | 0.1 | 119.72 | −0.2 | 119.45 | −0.5 | 120 |
| Stomach—contents | 1.02 | ICRU-46 ave soft tissue | 196.08 | 200.05 | 0.0 | 199.51 | −0.2 | 199.02 | −0.5 | 200 |
| Small intestine—wall | 1.03 | Gastrointestine (adult) | 504.85 | 524.40 | 0.8 | 515.11 | −0.9 | 514.78 | −1.0 | 520 |
| Small intestine—contents | 0.50 | Calculated | 554.96 | 280.00 | 0.0 | 279.05 | −0.3 | 279.04 | −0.3 | 280 |
| Colon | ||||||||||
| Right—wall | 1.03 | Gastrointestine (adult) | 118.45 | 121.73 | −0.2 | 121.66 | −0.3 | 121.84 | −0.1 | 122 |
| Right—contents | 1.06 | Calculated | 113.65 | 120.00 | 0.0 | 119.62 | −0.3 | 119.48 | −0.4 | 120 |
| Left—wall | 1.03 | Gastrointestine (adult) | 118.45 | 121.45 | −0.4 | 122.64 | 0.5 | 122.55 | 0.4 | 122 |
| Left—contents | 0.36 | Calculated | 165.85 | 60.00 | 0.0 | 59.81 | −0.3 | 59.80 | −0.3 | 60 |
| Rectosigmoid—wall | 1.03 | Gastrointestine (adult) | 54.37 | 56.29 | 0.5 | 55.65 | −0.6 | 55.33 | −1.2 | 56 |
| Rectosigmoid—contents | 0.53 | Calculated | 112.44 | 60.00 | 0.0 | 59.89 | −0.2 | 59.89 | −0.2 | 60 |
| Liver | 1.05 | Liver (fetus∕child∕adult) | 1238.10 | 1301.26 | 0.1 | 1299.09 | −0.1 | 1298.71 | −0.1 | 1300 |
| Gall bladder—wall | 1.02 | ICRU-46 ave soft tissue | 7.16 | 7.34 | 0.6 | 7.28 | −0.3 | 7.18 | −1.6 | 7.3 |
| Gall bladder—contents | 1.02 | ICRU-46 ave soft tissue | 41.18 | 42.02 | 0.0 | 41.89 | −0.3 | 41.95 | −0.1 | 42 |
| Pancreas | 1.02 | ICRU-46 ave soft tissue | 98.04 | 100.06 | 0.1 | 99.86 | −0.1 | 99.97 | 0.0 | 100 |
| Circulatory system | ||||||||||
| Heart—wall | 1.04 | Heart (fetus∕child∕adult) | 211.54 | 219.93 | 0.0 | 219.72 | −0.1 | 219.92 | 0.0 | 220 |
| Heart—content | 1.06 | Blood (newborn∕adult) | 301.89 | 320.09 | 0.0 | 319.56 | −0.1 | 319.58 | −0.1 | 320 |
| Urogenital system | ||||||||||
| Kidneys (cortex + medulla) | 1.04 | Kidney (fetus∕child∕adult) | 230.76 | 239.78 | −0.1 | 239.32 | −0.3 | 239.16 | −0.3 | 240 |
| Cortex | 1.04 | Kidney (fetus∕child∕adult) | 170.04 | 176.66 | −0.1 | 176.30 | −0.3 | 176.13 | −0.4 | 177 |
| Medulla | 1.04 | Kidney (fetus∕child∕adult) | 60.73 | 63.12 | −0.1 | 63.02 | −0.2 | 63.03 | −0.2 | 63 |
| Pelvis | 1.04 | Kidney (fetus∕child∕adult) | 12.15 | 12.63 | 0.0 | 12.61 | −0.2 | 12.60 | −0.2 | 13 |
| Urinary bladder—wall | 1.04 | Bladder (adult-empty) | 33.65 | 35.01 | 0.0 | 34.85 | −0.4 | 34.65 | −0.1 | 35 |
| Urinary bladder—contentsa | 1.01 | Urine of ave density | 133.42 | 134.76 | 0.0 | 134.24 | −0.4 | 134.32 | −0.3 | 135 |
| Ovaries (2) | 1.05 | Ovaries (adult) | 5.71 | 5.99 | −0.1 | 5.96 | −0.6 | 5.90 | −1.7 | 6 |
| Uterus | 1.05 | Muscle (newborn∕adult) | 28.57 | 30.02 | 0.1 | 29.95 | −0.2 | 30.17 | 0.6 | 30 |
| Skeletal system | ||||||||||
| Coastal cartilageb | 1.10 | Cartilage (adult) | 97.1 | 86.81 | 86.28 | |||||
| Intervertebral disksb | 1.10 | Cartilage (adult) | 65.0 | 59.27 | 61.35 | |||||
| Bone tissues | 1.36 | Volume-average | 4576.75 | 6275.88 | 0.8 | 6230.14 | 0.1 | 6208.27 | −0.3 | 6225 |
| Mineral bone (CB, TB) | 1.80 | Cortical bone (ICRP89 Para 436) | 2055.56 | 3700 | ||||||
| Active marrowc | 1.03 | Red marrow (adult) | 970.87 | 1000 | ||||||
| Inactive marrow | 0.98 | Yellow marrow (adult) | 1408.16 | 1380 | ||||||
| Miscellaneousd | 1.02 | ICRU-46 ave soft tissue | 142.16 | 145 | ||||||
| Integumentary system | ||||||||||
| Skin | 1.10 | All ages (ICRP89 Para 529) | 1545.45 | ND | 1923.97 | 13.2 | 3819.32 | 124.7 | 1700 | |
| Additional tissues | ||||||||||
| Adrenal glands (2) | 1.02 | ICRU-46 ave soft tissue | 8.82 | 9.01 | 0.1 | 8.92 | −0.9 | 8.80 | −2.3 | 9 |
| Brain | 1.04 | Brain (newborn∕infant∕adult) | 1250.00 | 1300.05 | 0.0 | 1296.87 | −0.2 | 1297.11 | −0.2 | 1300 |
| Breasts (2) | 0.94 | Adipose #2 (NB∕child∕adult) | 265.96 | 249.79 | −0.1 | 249.29 | −0.3 | 247.89 | −0.8 | 250 |
| Ears | 1.10 | Cartilage (adult) | 9.20 | 6.22 | 4.22 | ND | ||||
| External nose | 1.05 | 66:33 soft tissue∕cartilage | 4.63 | 3.20 | 2.06 | ND | ||||
| Eyes (2) | 1.02 | ICRU-46 ave soft tissue | 12.75 | 13.01 | 0.0 | 12.92 | −0.6 | 13.06 | 0.5 | 13 |
| Lens (2) | 1.07 | Eye lens (adult) | 1.03 | 1.02 | 1.03 | ND | ||||
| Pituitary gland | 1.02 | ICRU-46 ave soft tissue | 0.49 | 0.50 | 0.2 | 0.50 | −0.5 | 0.51 | 2.8 | 0.5 |
| Spinal cord | 1.04 | Brain (newborn∕adult) | 67.75 | 56.63 | 57.32 | ND | ||||
| Spleen | 1.06 | Spleen (40 week fetus∕adult) | 122.64 | 130.04 | 0.0 | 129.66 | −0.3 | 129.66 | −0.3 | 130 |
| Teeth | 3.00 | ICRP 89-Para 465 | 11.67 | 35.22 | 0.6 | 35.31 | 0.9 | 35.52 | 1.5 | 35 |
| Thymus | 1.03 | NB∕adult ICRP 89 Para 606 | 29.27 | 30.02 | 0.1 | 29.96 | −0.1 | 29.92 | −0.3 | 30 |
| Thyroid | 1.05 | Thyroid (adult) | 11.43 | 12.02 | 0.2 | 11.99 | −0.1 | 12.00 | 0.0 | 12 |
| Residual soft tissues (RST) | 1.01 | Effective ave density | 37 962.92 | 37 970.67 | −0.9 | 36 290.50 | −5.3 | 38 307 | ||
| Bone-associated cartilage | 1.10 | Cartilage (adult) | 817.05 | 899 | ||||||
| Separable fat | 0.96 | Adipose #2 (NB∕child∕adult) | 16 666.67 | 16 000 | ||||||
| Skeletal muscle | 1.05 | Muscle (newborn∕adult) | 16 190.48 | 17 000 | ||||||
| Separable connective tissues | 1.02 | ICRU-46 ave soft tissue | 1764.71 | 1800 | ||||||
| Fixed lymphatic tissuese | 1.02 | ICRU-46 ave soft tissue | 370.13 | 378 | ||||||
| Blood (large vessels)f | 1.06 | Blood (newborn∕adult) | 855.85 | 907 | ||||||
| Miscellaneous RSTg | 1.02 | ICRU-46 ave soft tissue | 1298.04 | 1324 | ||||||
| Totals by organ system | ||||||||||
| Respiratory systemh | 770.99 | 792.11 | 761.69 | 771 | ||||||
| Alimentary system-tissues of organ walls | 2503.78 | 2491.58 | −0.3 | 2489.67 | −0.3 | 2498 | ||||
| Alimentary system—GI tract and gall bladder content | 720.05 | 717.88 | −0.3 | 717.23 | −0.4 | 720 | ||||
| Circulatory system—heart wall and content | 540.02 | 539.28 | −0.1 | 539.50 | −0.1 | 540 | ||||
| Urogenital system—kidneys and urinary bladder wall | 274.79 | 274.16 | −0.3 | 273.81 | −0.4 | 275 | ||||
| Urogenital system—renal pelvis and urinary bladder content | 147.39 | 146.85 | −0.4 | 146.93 | −0.3 | 147 | ||||
| Urogenital system—internal sex organs (ovaries and uterus) | 36.01 | 35.91 | −0.2 | 36.07 | 0.2 | 36 | ||||
| Skeletal system-costal cartidge and intervertebral diskh | 162.15 | 146.08 | 147.63 | ND | ||||||
| Skeletal system-bone tissues | 6275.88 | 6230.14 | 0.1 | 6208.27 | −0.3 | 6225 | ||||
| Integumentary system | ND | 1923.97 | 13.2 | 3819.32 | 124.7 | 1700 | ||||
| Additional tissues—excluding residual soft tissue | 1862.3 | 1842.5 | 3.5 | 1839.1 | 3.3 | 1780 | ||||
| Additional tissues—residual soft tissue | ND | 37 970.67 | −0.9 | 36 290.50 | −5.3 | 38 307 | ||||
| Total body tissues | 52 246 | 0.1 | 52 436 | 0.5 | 52 132 | |||||
| Total body mass | 53 111 | 0.1 | 53 300 | 0.5 | 53 000 | |||||
a
No reference value is given in ICRP 89 and thus an approximate value is used as defined in the ORNL stylized newborn phantom.
b
Skeletal cartilage excludes the following nonbone associated regions of cartilage: external nose and ears, larynx, trachea, and extrapulmonary bronchi.
c
Assumed to include the 7% of total blood volume as per Sec. 7.7.2 of ICRP 89.
d
As per Sec. 9.2.15 of ICRP 89, miscellaneous skeletal tissues include periosteum and blood vessels, but exclude periarticular tissue and blood.
e
Estimated from the reference adult values given in Sec. 7.8.2 of ICRP Publication 89 and scaled by total body mass.
f
Taken as 25.92% of total blood pool as per Sec. 7.7.2 of ICRP 89 (other tissues, arotal, large arteries, large veins).
g
Miscellaneous residual soft tissues are added to force the total body mass to its ICRP 89 reference value.
h
Percent differences are not reported as not all tissues in this organ system are defined in ICRP Publication 89.