Table 3.
Dietary intakes of vitamin D and calcium and the risk of cancers of the colorectum, colon, and rectum
| Quintiles of dietary intake | P for trend | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 (reference) | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | ||
| Vitamin D intake (μg/day) | <2.1 | ≥2.1 to < 3.1 | ≥3.1 to < 4.2 | ≥4.2 to < 5.8 | ≥5.8 | |
| Colorectum: | ||||||
| Mean (SD), median (μg/day) | 1.5 (0.5), 1.6 | 2.5 (0.3), 2.7 | 3.6 (0.3), 3.6 | 4.9 (0.9), 4.9 | 8.2 (2.7), 7.3 | |
| No of cases/controls | 251/243 | 255/245 | 249/244 | 235/246 | 230/244 | |
| Matching factors* | 1.00 | 1.00 (0.78 to 1.28) | 0.97 (0.74 to 1.26) | 0.90 (0.68 to 1.19) | 0.88 (0.66 to 1.17) | 0.277 |
| Multivariate adjusted† | 1.00 | 1.03 (0.79 to 1.34) | 0.96 (0.72 to 1.28) | 0.88 (0.65 to 1.20) | 0.84 (0.60 to 1.17) | 0.187 |
| Colon: | ||||||
| Mean (SD), median (μg/day) | 1.5 (0.5), 1.6 | 2.7 (0.3), 2.7 | 3.6 (0.3), 3.6 | 4.9 (0.5), 4.9 | 8.0 (2.7), 7.3 | |
| No of cases/controls | 165/163 | 169/154 | 155/149 | 135/160 | 148/147 | |
| Matching factors* | 1.00 | 1.07 (0.78 to 1.46) | 1.00 (0.72 to 1.40) | 0.82 (0.58 to 1.15) | 0.96 (0.67 to 1.38) | 0.365 |
| Multivariate adjusted† | 1.00 | 1.11 (0.80 to 1.55) | 1.05 (0.73 to 1.50) | 0.83 (0.56 to 1.22) | 1.00 (0.66 to 1.53) | 0.514 |
| Rectum: | ||||||
| Mean (SD), median (μg/day) | 1.5 (0.4), 1.6 | 2.7 (0.3), 2.7 | 3.6 (0.3), 3.6 | 4.9 (0.5), 4.9 | 8.3 (2.8), 7.4 | |
| No of cases/controls | 86/80 | 86/91 | 94/95 | 100/86 | 82/97 | |
| Matching factors* | 1.00 | 0.87 (0.57 to 1.34) | 0.93 (0.60 to 1.45) | 1.09 (0.68 to 1.76) | 0.78 (0.49 to 1.25) | 0.546 |
| Multivariate adjusted† | 1.00 | 0.85 (0.52 to 1.36) | 0.79 (0.48 to 1.30) | 0.85 (0.49 to 1.48) | 0.61 (0.34 to 1.09) | 0.142 |
| Quintiles of dietary calcium intake (mg/day) | <667.2 | ≥667.2 to <854.7 | ≥854.7 to <1047.6 | ≥1047.6 to <1299.4 | ≥1299.4 | |
| Colorectum: | ||||||
| Mean (SD), median (mg/day) | 523.9 (104.9), 544.6 | 766.4 (53.5), 769.7 | 949.2 (57.7), 947.7 | 1163.6 (70.3), 1163.1 | 1667.5 (358.0), 1574.4 | |
| No of cases/controls | 269/243 | 258/247 | 258/243 | 213/245 | 222/244 | |
| Matching factors* | 1.00 | 0.93 (0.72 to 1.20) | 0.94 (0.73 to 1.22) | 0.77 (0.59 to 1.00) | 0.81 (0.62 to 1.05) | 0.042 |
| Multivariate Adjusted† | 1.00 | 0.88 (0.67 to 1.15) | 0.90 (0.67 to 1.20) | 0.72 (0.52 to 0.96) | 0.69 (0.50 to 0.96) | 0.016 |
| Colon: | ||||||
| Mean (SD), median (mg/day) | 517.0 (107.1), 538.1 | 766.0 (52.8), 769.0 | 948.7 (57.0), 949.6 | 1161.1 (69.9), 1161.4 | 1677.1 (345.8), 1590.9 | |
| No of cases/controls | 164/150 | 167/168 | 167/163 | 139/145 | 135/147 | |
| Matching factors* | 1.00 | 0.90 (0.66 to 1.23) | 0.93 (0.68 to 1.27) | 0.87 (0.62 to 1.22) | 0.83 (0.60 to 1.16) | 0.287 |
| Multivariate adjusted† | 1.00 | 0.86 (0.61 to 1.21) | 0.88 (0.62 to 1.27) | 0.80 (0.54 to 1.18) | 0.72 (0.47 to 1.10) | 0.176 |
| Rectum: | ||||||
| Mean (SD), median (mg/day) | 534.7 (100.5), 565.5 | 767.2 (55.0), 770.9 | 950.1 (59.1), 947.5 | 1167.8 (71.1), 1166.8 | 1652.9 (376.5), 1536.4 | |
| No of cases/controls | 105/93 | 91/79 | 91/80 | 74/100 | 87/97 | |
| Matching factors* | 1.00 | 1.01 (0.66 to 1.55) | 0.99 (0.63 to 1.55) | 0.62 (0.40 to 0.97) | 0.78 (0.51 to 1.20) | 0.054 |
| Multivariate adjusted† | 1.00 | 0.88 (0.55 to 1.42) | 0.91 (0.54 to 1.42) | 0.52 (0.30 to 0.90) | 0.63 (0.36 to 1.11) | 0.025 |
Data are incidence rate ratio (95% confidence interval) unless stated otherwise.
*Model based on matching factors only.
†Model based on matching factors plus further adjustments for smoking status/duration/intensity, body mass index, total physical activity, education level, total dietary energy consumption, and intake of total fruits, vegetables, meats/meat products and alcohol. For dietary vitamin D and calcium, the number of total colorectal cancer case-control sets is 1220 due to missing dietary data from Greece. Values for mean and median are based on control participants only.