Table 2.

Associations (odds-ratios) of gender with lifetime risk of DSM-IV mental disorders in the WMH surveys (n = 73,099)¹

	All countries combined	Within-country OR variation
		Range				GxC interaction²
	F:M OR (95% CI)	Min	Max	% in dominant direction	% p ≤ .05 in dominant direction	χ²	(n)³

I. Mood disorders
Major depressive disorder	1.9^* (1.8–2.0)	1.6	2.4	100.0	100.0	29.3^*	(15)
Dysthymic disorder	1.9^* (1.6–2.2)	1.3	3.8	100.0	70.0	13.0	(10)
Bipolar disorder	0.9 (0.8–1.0)	0.6	1.1	83.3	20.0	8.1	(6)
Any mood disorder	1.8^* (1.7–1.8)	1.5	2.5	100.0	100.0	47.7^*	(15)
II. Anxiety disorders
Panic disorder	1.9^* (1.7–2.2)	1.2	3.4	100.0	66.7	15.8	(12)
Generalized anxiety disorder	1.7^* (1.5–1.9)	0.7	2.7	86.7	76.9	23.7^*	(15)
Agoraphobia	2.0^* (1.7–2.3)	1.4	4.6	100.0	62.5	18.5	(8)
Social phobia	1.3^* (1.2–1.4)	1.1	2.0	100.0	46.2	13.8	(13)
Specific phobia	2.0^* (1.9–2.2)	1.3	3.1	100.0	100.0	39.3^*	(12)
Separation anxiety disorder	1.6^* (1.4–1.8)	1.4	2.0	100.0	75.0	3.8	(4)
Post-traumatic stress disorder	2.6^* (2.2–2.9)	1.3	6.4	100.0	78.6	30.6^*	(14)
Any anxiety disorder	1.7^* (1.6–1.8)	1.2	3.2	100.0	86.7	41.2^*	(15)
III. Externalizing disorders
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder	0.6^* (0.5–0.8)	0.3	0.6	100.0	20.0	6.9	(5)
Conduct disorder	0.5^* (0.4–0.7)	0.3	0.6	100.0	100.0	29.5^*	(3)
Intermittent explosive disorder	0.7^* (0.6–0.8)	0.4	0.8	100.0	33.3	5.3	(6)
Oppositional-defiant disorder	0.8^* (0.6–1.0)	0.5	0.8	100.0	33.3	18.2^*	(3)
Any externalizing disorder	0.7^* (0.6–0.8)	0.3	1.4	83.3	40.0	7.2	(12)
IV. Substance disorders
Alcohol abuse	0.2^* (0.2–0.3)	0.1	0.4	100.0	100.0	128.6^*	(15)
Alcohol dependence	0.3^* (0.3–0.4)	0.1	0.4	100.0	100.0	95.6^*	(11)
Drug abuse or dependence	0.4^* (0.3–0.4)	0.1	0.4	100.0	100.0	35.3^*	(5)
Any substance disorder	0.3^* (0.2–0.3)	0.1	0.4	100.0	100.0	141.6^*	(14)
V. Any disorder	1.1^* (1.1–1.2)	0.7	2.2	66.7	70.0	111.5^*	(15)

Significant at the .05 level, two-sided test

Based on discrete-time survival models that used respondent cohort (age at interview), sex, and person-year to predict first onset of each disorder both separately in each country and pooled across all countries.

GxC=gender-by-country; based on pooled cross-national survival model that included an interaction between gender and the dummy variables for country.

The number of countries differs across outcomes because not all disorders were assessed in all countries. The pooled results for any mood disorder, any anxiety disorder, any externalizing disorder, and any substance disorder pooled whatever disorders in the relevant category existed in the country across countries even though the set sometimes differed across countries.