Table 3.
Interactions (odds-ratios) of gender with cohort in predicting lifetime risk of DSM-IV mental disorders in the WMH surveys (n = 73,099)1
| All countries combined |
Within-country OR variation |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Range |
||||||
| OR (95% CI) | Min | Max | % in dominant direction | % p ≤ .05 in dominant direction | (n)2 | |
| I. Mood disorders | ||||||
| Major depressive disorder | 0.9* (0.8–1.0) | 0.6 | 1.1 | 73.3 | 36.4 | (15) |
| Dysthymic disorder | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) | 0.2 | 1.5 | 50.0 | 25.0 | (8) |
| Bipolar disorder | 1.1 (0.9–1.3) | 0.9 | 2.1 | 66.7 | 0.0 | (6) |
| Any mood disorder | 0.9* (0.8–0.9) | 0.6 | 1.2 | 60.0 | 33.3 | (15) |
| II. Anxiety disorders | ||||||
| Panic disorder | 1.0 (0.8–1.1) | 0.3 | 3.5 | 58.3 | 0.0 | (12) |
| Generalized anxiety disorder | 1.1 (1.0–1.2) | 0.4 | 1.7 | 60.0 | 11.1 | (15) |
| Agoraphobia | 1.0 (0.8–1.2) | 0.7 | 1.6 | 50.0 | 0.0 | (8) |
| Social phobia | 1.0 (0.9–1.1) | 0.7 | 2.3 | 58.3 | 14.3 | (12) |
| Specific phobia | 1.0 (0.9–1.1) | 0.7 | 1.2 | 50.0 | 16.7 | (12) |
| Separation anxiety disorder | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) | 0.7 | 1.3 | 50.0 | 0.0 | (4) |
| Post-traumatic stress disorder | 1.1 (1.0–1.3) | 0.4 | 2.0 | 57.1 | 25.0 | (14) |
| Any anxiety disorder | 1.0 (0.9–1.0) | 0.7 | 1.2 | 53.3 | 0.0 | (15) |
| III. Externalizing disorders | ||||||
| Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder | 1.0 (0.7–1.5) | 0.1 | 5.9 | 80.0 | 0.0 | (5) |
| Conduct disorder | 1.4 (0.8–2.2) | 0.1 | 1.5 | 66.7 | 100.0 | (3) |
| Intermittent explosive disorder | 1.3* (1.1–1.5) | 0.4 | 1.8 | 83.3 | 40.0 | (6) |
| Oppositional-defiant disorder | 0.9 (0.5–1.6) | 0.7 | 0.9 | 100.0 | 0.0 | (3) |
| Any externalizing disorder | 1.1 (0.8–1.4) | 0.2 | 6.5 | 58.3 | 28.6 | (12) |
| IV. Substance disorders | ||||||
| Alcohol abuse | 1.5* (1.3–1.7) | 0.7 | 4.0 | 85.7 | 66.7 | (14) |
| Alcohol dependence | 1.5* (1.2–1.8) | 0.8 | 6.6 | 90.0 | 55.6 | (10) |
| Drug abuse or dependence | 1.2 (0.9–1.5) | 0.6 | 1.3 | 66.7 | 50.0 | (3) |
| Any substance disorder | 1.4* (1.3–1.7) | 0.7 | 5.0 | 85.7 | 66.7 | (14) |
| V. Any disorder | 1.0 (0.9–1.0) | 0.8 | 1.7 | 60.0 | 0.0 | (15) |
Significant at the .05 level, two-sided test
Based on discrete-time survival models that used respondent cohort (age at interview), sex, person-year, and the interaction between sex and cohort to predict first onset of each disorder both separately in each country and pooled across all countries. Each respondent was classified as being in one of four cohorts defined based on age at interview (18–34, 35–49, 50–64, and 65+ years of age). A continuous 1–4 variable coded 1 for the earliest cohorts (i.e., ages 65+ at interview) and 4 for the most recent cohorts (i.e., 18–34 at interview) was used to create the interaction terms, where the 1–4 variable was multiplied by a 0–1 variable for gender (coded 1 for females and 0 for males). An interaction term with an OR significantly greater than 1.0 means that the F:M OR is significantly higher (i.e., higher relative prevalence among females than males) in more recent than older cohorts, while an OR less than 1.0 means that the F:M OR is significantly lower (ie., lower relative prevalence among females than males) nm more recent than older cohorts.
The number of countries differs across outcomes because not all disorders were assessed in all countries. The pooled results for any mood disorder, any anxiety disorder, any externalizing disorder, and any substance disorder pooled whatever disorders in the relevant category existed in the country across countries even though the set sometimes differed across countries.