Table 5.

Ten take-home messages

Message
1. Kidney stones/nephrocalcinosis in children are the symptoms of a disease, not the disease itself
2. About 40% of children with urolithiasis have a positive family history
3. Predisposing causes for urolithiasis can be recognized in 75% of children and adolescents
4. Unexplained sterile pyuria or recurrent UTI should raise the suspicion for urolithiasis
5. Gross hematuria may precede manifest urolithiasis or nephrocalcinosis
6. Nephrocalcinosis is mostly asymptomatic
7. The diagnosis of primary hyperoxaluria is often delayed; early detection may prevent the development of renal failure
8. Calyceal depositions of Tamm–Horsfall protein are harmless, but they may mimic nephrocalcinosis in (preterm) neonates
9. Metabolic urine analysis should be performed in 24 h urine collection
10. Passing stone fragments and UTI may hamper proper metabolic urine analysis