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MDSC are induced and/or activated by multiple proinflammatory mediators. MDSC accumulate in the blood, bone marrow, lymph nodes, and at tumor sites in response to proinflammatory molecules produced by tumor cells or by host cells in the tumor microenvironment. These factors include PGE2, IL-1β, IL-6, VEGF, S100A8/A9 proteins, and the complement component C5a.
